mechanw&l Drawing 
for Plumbers 




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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT: 



MECHANICAL DRAWING 
FOR PLUMBERS 



A Concise, Comprehensive and Practical Treatise on the Subject 
of Mechanical Drawing, in Its Various Modern Appli- 
cations to the Work of All Who Are in 
Any Way Connected With the 
Plumbing Trade. 



BY 



R. M. STARBUCK 

Author of n Modern Plumbing Illustrated," " Standard Practical Plumbing," etc. 




CONTAINING 150 ILLUSTRATIONS DRAWN ESPECIALLY 
FOR THIS WORK 



NEW YORK: 
THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. 

132 NASSAU STREET 
1910 






COPYRIGHTED 1906 

BY 

THE PLUMBERS TRADE JOURNAL PUBLISHING CO. 



COPYRIGHTED 1910 

BY 

THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. 






€ : CI. A 275923 




INTRODUCTION. 



The writing of this series of articles for The Plumbers' Trade Journal 
has been undertaken with a firm conviction that a knowledge of the subject 
of plumbing drawing, has to-day become a most valuable and practical acqui- 
sition to the working tools of the plumber. In fact, no person who is connected 
with construction work of any kind can afford to be without a thorough knowl- 
edge of such drawing as applies particularly to his line of work. 

Much that the author has to say in this little treatise is the result of his 
own experience gained in the pursuit of the plumbing business, and it is the 
thought of the personal benefit that he has derived from a knowledge of this 
subject that has led him to attempt the writing of this series. 

The writer believes that his readers will appreciate with him the many 
difficulties that confront an attempt to give instruction of this nature by means 
Oi printers' ink rather than by word of mouth, for certainly personal oral 
instruction is the only method to bring fullest results. 

In conclusion, the author would say that it is his sincere hope that this 
little book may prove of some real and practical benefit to the younger men of 
our trade, for whom it is especially intended. 

November, igio. R. M. Starbuck. 



TABLE OF CO NTENTS 

Page. 

CHAPTER I. 

Value to Plumber of Knowledge of Drawing. Tools Required and Their Use. Common Views 
Needed in Mechanical Drawing 7 

CHAPTER II. 
Perspective Versus Mechanical Drawing in Showing Plumbing Construction 12 

CHAPTER III. 
Correct and Incorrect Methods in Plumbing Drawing. Plan and Elevation Explained 16 

CHAPTER IV. 
Floor and Cellar Plans and Elevation. Scale Drawings. Use of Triangles 21 

CHAPTER V. 
Use of Triangles. Drawing of Fittings, Traps, Etc 25 

CHAPTER VI. 
Drawing Plumbing Elevations and Fittings .......... 30 

CHAPTER VII. 
Instructions in Drawing Plumbing Elevations 35 

CHAPTER VIII. 
The Drawing of Plumbing Fixtures. Scale Drawings 39 

' CHAPTER IX. 
Drawings of Fixtures and Fittings 43 

CHAPTER X. 
Inking of Drawings '. 47 

CHAPTER XI. 
Shading of Drawings 51 

CHAPTER XII. 
Shading of Drawings 56 

CHAPTER XIII. 
Sectional Drawings. Drawing of Threads 60 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Plumbing Elevations from Architect's Plans 63 

CHAPTER XV. 
Elevations of Separate Parts of the Plumbing System 66 

CHAPTER XVI. 
Elevations from Architect's Plans 70 



CHAPTER XVII. 
Drawing of Detail Plumbing Connections 74 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
Architect's Plans and Plumbing Elevations of Residence , 78 

CHAPTER XIX. 
Plumbing Elevations of Residence (continued). Plumbing Plans for Cottage S2 

CHAPTER XX. 
Plumbing Elevations. Roof Connections 8G 

CHAPTER XXI. 
Plans and Plumbing Elevations of Six-flat Building 90 

CHAPTER XXII. 
Drawing of the Various Parts or the Plumbing System. Use of Scale 9-i 

CHAPTER XXIII. 
Use of Architect's Scales 98 

CHAPTER XXIV. 
Special Features in the Illustrations of Country Plumbing 102 

CHAPTER XXV. 
Drawing of Wrought Iron Piping, Valves, Radiators, Coils, Etc 106 

CHAPTER XXVI. 
Drawing of Piping to Illustrate Heating Systems „ 109 



Mechanical Drawing for Plumbers 



CHAPTER 



THE man who to-day does high-class 
plumbing or heating, and is 
worthy the name of doing that 
class of work, is as deserving of 
credit as is the lawyer who conducts 
his case in court successfully, or 
the physician who performs the duties 
that devolve on him in creditable manner. 
The trade, we must remember, is not in 
the crude state that it was years ago, 
and if the plumber keeps abreast of the 
times, he must educate himself along sev- 
eral lines in addition to the manual, side 
of the question. He must be conversant 
to some extent with chemistry, and the 
subject of physics, that is, natural law, 
is more valuable to him than to any 
other man that we can think of. If he is 
to make the most of himself and his op- 
portunities, the progressive man cannot 
do better than to take up the study of 
mechanical drawing, at least so far as 
it concerns the laying out of plumbing 
and heating work. A knowledge of the 
subject is valuable, not only to the man 
who is conducting a business and uses 
his knowledge in demonstrating his ideas 
to the prospective customer, but even the 
apprentice cannot afford to be ignorant 
of it, for on paper he can lay out work, 
run his lines of pipe and make his con- 
nections — all. in a practical way — and 
gain experience thereby that he cannot 
gain in serving at the trade unless more 
fortunate than his brothers in the ad- 
vantages that are given him. 
The writer has in mind instances where 



the obtaining of good work can be traced 
directly to the fact that a neat little 
sketch of the proposed work was submit- 
ted to the owner. The sketch showed that 
the one who presented it was up-to-date, 
and knew his business, and that thereby 
he gained a better place in the opinion 
of his customer than his competitor, was 
to be expected. 

And it is these little points that count, 
not merely to-day, but always in the years 
to come. 

In many sections of the country, par- 
ticularly where the work is of a high 
grade, the master and the journeyman 
must as a part of the examination make 
a drawing of some system of plumbing. 
Another quite general custom nowadays 
is the demand by boards of health, that 
the plumber applying for a permit to da 
work, shall first submit drawings of the 
proposed work. 

How convenient, and even profitable, to 
be able to submit work on such occasions 
as we have just cited, which shall be 
creditable. In visiting the different sec- 
tions of the country, it has been impress- 
ed upon the writer's mind that there is 
a great demand for a knowledge of this 
subject, .a demand which has not yet been 
met. 

The correspondence school fills a long- 
felt want, and we believe it to be a valu- 
able institution, but ofttimes a busy man. 
does not feel that he can spare the time 
necessary to such a course as given by 
them, which necessitates the taking up of 



8 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



several branches of study as a means of 
covering the whole ground. While we 
would not dignify our present series of 
articles as a "course in drawing," it is 
our intention to make it serve as such, 
as near as possible. 

It will be appreciated that the subject 
is a difficult one to present, as it is best 
studied under an instructor who can cor- 
rect an error on the spot, and explain 
fully wherein the error lies. 

We would say, that in pursuing this 
series, it is with the idea of making it 



As to instruments, unless it is desired 
to take up the inking of drawings, the 
only instruments actually needed are a 
pair of compasses for making large cir- 
cles, and a pair of bow compasses for 
small circles. The latter instrument is 
of special value in making neat work. 

In Fig. 1 we show the drawing board, 
with the tee square in position, also both 
triangles. In Fig. 2 the large compasses 
are shown, and in Fig. 3 the bow, or 
spring compasses. 

The tee square and triangles may be of 









\ 30? & 60° 

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Figure 

of real practical value to those of our 
readers who are interested in the subject, 
as we believe that every master plumber 
and steam fitter should thoroughly under- 
stand the manner to draw at least in a 
crude Way the plans for work on which 
he may estimate. 

As a preliminary to pursuing the sub- 
ject of drawing, the student should pro- 
vide himself with the necessary tools, 
which include the drawing . board, tee 
square and triangles (30 deg. and 45 deg.) 
and a small set of instruments. 



wood, for ordinary use. Celluloid tri- 
angles are especially good, as the work 
beneath shows through them. 

It is no doubt well known to our read- 
ers that horizontal lines are made along 
the edge of the tee square and vertical 
lines are made along the edge of the tri- 
angle held against the edge of the tee 
square. With triangles which are true, 
this insures true work, but if the vertical 
lines are made by holding the tee square 
against the lower edge of the board, there 
is very little chance of the work being 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



true, that is square, for there is seldom 
a drawing board that will be found exact- 
ly square all round. 

In entering upon the subject of me- 
chanical drawing, whether it is such 




Fig. 2 

drawing as the plumber, the machinist, 
or the architect would need, it is neces- 
sary to understand the principles of pro- 
jection which in reality underlies the 
whole subject. All working drawings, 
which show several views of the same ob- 
ject, such as are used' in every machine 
shop, are worked out by projection, and 
in this class "of work it is applied much 
more extensively than on the work in 
which we are interested. 

With us, it will not be necessary to 
take up any but the most elementary 
principles, for although valuable to any 
man, the more advanced principles of 
projection would not be of much prac- 



tical worth to the plumber, as far as lay- 
ing out his own work is concerned. 

To s,how the fundamental principle of 
projection, let us consider the object 
which we show in Fig. 4, an ordinary 
pyramid. 

Now suppose we consider this object 
surrounded by transparent surfaces, 
glass plates for instance, as shown in Fig. 
5. We will suppose that the object is 
viewed from three different directions, 
from the front, from the side, and from 
the top. If we consider that the rays of 
light from each point, as these three 
views are taken, reach the eye at right 
angles to the respective glass plates, and 
draw on those plates the view of the ob- 
ject as it appears to us, we shall have 
what is known in mechanical drawing as 




Fig. 3 

the top view or plan, and the front and 
side views, or elevations, as they are com- 
monly called. In other words, the eye is 
supposed to sight the object at right 
angles at every point at one time. 



10 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



Considering the views as obtained in 
this way, it will probably be clear to our 
readers that in mechanical drawing, the 
element of perspective is entirely absent. 



mind, we will consider a rectangular 
block such as we show in Fig. 6. 

This view is what is known as a per- 




Fig- 4 

This is a most important point, and 
should be firmly in the mind if a proper 
understanding of the subject is to be ob- 
tained. 

To further impress this idea on the 




Fig. 6 

spective view, and gives us the appear- 
ance of the object that we would ordi- 
narily get by glancing at it. Now if the 




Fig. 5 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



11 



three views of this object are to be ob- 
tained, that is, the top, front and side 











1 




4 

Top | 

Vituj Jon- 
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i 

i 

A} 

Fxorvt i 

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Fig. 7 

views, after the manner in previous fig- 
ures, they will be such as Fig. 7 shows. It 



will be readily seen that these three views 
give every dimension that would be re- 
quired in making the given object from 
drawings, that is, height, width and thick- 
ness. 

In fact, the front and top views with- 
out the side view give all that is re- 
quired. 

In mechanical drawing, when the ob- 
ject is complicated, it often happens that 
three views must be given to thoroughly 
depict the work, but in plumbing, usual- 
ly only the top view, or plan, and one 
elevation is required. 

At this point it is well to state that 
many of our readers will no doubt have 
difficulty in thoroughly understanding 
what we have written on projection. To 
these we would say that even though at 
the outset the subject is not clear, it will 
become plainer as the subject advances, 
and that it should not be an obstacle to 
going on, for we shall soon deal with the 
subject in a way that will appeal to the 
plumber from a practical and not from a 
technical standpoint, such as the opening 
of a matter of this kind must be. 



CHAPTER II 



IN obtaining the views of an object, 
that is, the projections, as they are 
called in mechanical drawing, such 
as Fig. 7 shows in the preceding 
article, it is not necessary that the 
object be placed in any particular posi- 
tion when the views are taken. In 
ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, how- 
ever, the object is supposed to be placed 
in the position from which the views can 
be most easily obtained, that is, directly 
facing the observer. 

Suppose we consider, for instance, a 
short length of steel rod having six faces. 
If the piece is placed so that it is 
squarely in front of the person making 
the drawing, with a face fully exposed, 
the front and top views would be such as 




Fig. 8 shows, but if placed in some odd 
position, such views as Fig. 9 shows will 
have to be made. 

Either set of views shows the dimen- 
sions of the object equally well, but Fig. 
8 is preferable, because simpler. It will 
be noticed that in which ever position the 
object is placed, the two views or more 
that are taken must be consistent. It 
would not do to combine the front view 
of Fig. 8 with the top view of Fig. 9. 

With these explanations we shall leave 
the subject of projection as far as its 
technical points are concerned, though we 
may have to allude to it occasionally. In 
writing this series, we thoroughly appre- 
ciate the fact that very few of our readers 
in all probability, have ever taken up the 



Fig. 8 



O 

i — ' — i — n 

i 



12 



Fig. 9 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



13 




Fig. 10— A Combination of Perspective and Mechanical Drawing 




^^Fh 




Fig. II- An Illustration cf Plain Mechanical Drawing 



14 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



subject of projection, that is, the making 
of working drawings, and we do not 
mean to scare our readers into the 
thought that they have got to grind away 
at that part of the work before being 
able to take up the real plumbing draw- 
ing. 

It does not require any book knowledge 
to do the work either. A knowledge of 
plumbing, an eye to proportion, and 
some little skill are all that is required. 
The two latter qualifications naturally 
can be obtained only by practice, and to 
this end we would earnestly advise our 



subject, such work appears very inferior. 

It is often seen, however, hardly a 
sketch made at examinations, indeed, 
that does not testify to the work. To thor- 
oughly illustrate our meaning, we show 
in Fig. 10 a combination of perspective 
and mechanical drawing, and in Fig. 11 
the same work in which nothing but me- 
chanical drawing is to be found. 

We give also in Fig. 12 a drawing 
which is entirely perspective. 

Comparing Figs. 11 and 12, either one 
is correct, and shows the work in a 
proper manner. However, perspective, 




Figure 12 — An Illustration 

readers to practice making drawings as 
we proceed with the subject, and after 
having made them, to compare the same 
with our sketches, and apply the criti- 
cisms, which we shall make from time 
to time. 

In starting into the subject of plumb- 
ing drawing, we wish to emphasize a 
fact which we have already tried to 
make clear, and that is that perspec- 
tive drawings should never be com- 
bined with mechanical drawing, for to 
those that have any knowledge of the 



of Perspective Drawing 

such as shown in Fig. 12, is much more 
difficult drawing than the plain mechani- 
cal drawing of Fig. 11. 

Therefore it would seem to the writer 
that as Fig. 11 illustrates a style of work 
which is entirely acceptable in showing 
all that is necessary to be known about 
the work, it should be chosen in prefer- 
ence to perspective drawing, and accord- 
ingly hereafter in this series we shall 
confine themselves almost entirely to the 
plain drawings. 

We may add that it is not once in a 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



15 



hundred times that perspective drawing 
is required, though occasionally it is very- 
valuable in showing work in its proper 
shape. 

In Fig. 10, which illustrates the same 
piece of work as the other two sketches, 
we find the two classes of drawing com- 
bined, and the effect is poor. 

It will be noticed that while a plain, 
mechanical view is given of the tub, the 
lavatory is shown entirely in perspective, 
and the water closet partly so. 

The latter shows especially poor taste. 
A glance at the water closet will show 
that while the main part of the bowl is 
shown plain, the circular rim is shown 
in its perspective appearance instead of 
the manner shown in Fig. 11. If the 
upper part of the bowl is in perspective, 
the whole drawing should be, as shown 
in Fig. 12. 

This error is met with time and time 
again. As we have stated while con- 
sidering the subject of projection, in me- 
chanical drawing a view may be taken 
looking directly down onto the object, 
and another view may be taken by 
looking directly at the front of it, but 
in this branch of drawing, the two 



views must never be run together, as they 
must have been to give the view of the 
water closet shown in Fig. 10. Another 
point to be observed in connection with 
the work shown in Fig. 10 is that, if the 
drawing is designed to show the work in 
perspective, to be consistent, the piping 
should be shown in perspective just as 
much as the lavatory is, and after the 
style in which the piping in Fig. 12 is 
drawn. 

A fixture should never be drawn in 
perspective without making all the work 
connected with it to agree. 

For instance, the trap, waste, and back 
air for the lavatory are shown plain, 
which is inconsistent with the appearance 
of the fixture itself. The back air pipe 
running straight up from the crown of 
the pipe looks as if it must break through 
the bowl and marble slab, while the lines 
which are dotted show that this pipe in 
reality runs behind the marble back. 

It should be noted that when lines of 
pipe or, in fact, any part of the work is?, 
hidden behind anything it is customary 
to dot the lines instead of making them 
full. Thus in Fig. 12 the pipe that rum 
under the floor is shown dotted. 



CHAPTER III 



a S we proceed with this series it is 
/\^ the intention of the writer to 
£ ^. give exercises in drawing, simple 
at first, and growing more diffi- 
cult as the subject advances. Those who 
are following the series with the idea of 
using the instruction given as a means 
of learning how to make plumbing 
drawings, should lay out the work 
given, endeavoring to make it as nearly- 
like the model which we show as pos- 



Co-crect 




In.coxrct.ct 



sible. We shall very often as in Figs. 
13, 14 and 15, give correct illustra- 
tions of work, and one or more addi- 
tional incorrect sketches showing er- 
rors that are often made. Now as to lay- 
ing out the work in Fig. 13, simply re- 
member that the horizontal lines are to 
be made with the tee square as shown 
in Chapter I, and the vertical lines by 
using the triangle against the tee square. 
We would say that in working out these 




Fig. 13— Horizontal Lines to be made with T square- Fig. 14— Showing Correct and Incorrect Sketch 



16 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



17 



exercises they should be done in pencil, 
and not inked, as that will be taken up 
later on. Since no inking is to be done, 
all lines should be made plain and not 
shaded with heavy lines as our sketches 
are made. 

The shading is done to give character 
to an illustration and to set it out, and 
the method of doing it will be taken up 
under the subject of inking. In laying 
out the tee in Fig. 13, he careful to pro- 
portion the branch properly. Do not get it 
into the center of the fitting as the incor- 
rect sketch shows, and do not have the 
branch too long, as is also shown. An- 
other point, a small one however, is th° 



In laying out the Y, Fig. 14, notice 
that the branch is at 45 degrees with the 
length of the fitting, and consequently 
should be laid out with the 45 degree 




Fig. 15 -Another Example of Correct and Incorrect 
Work 

intersection of the branch with the main 
part of the fitting.' Do not make it in the 
form of a curve as the incorrect sketch 
shows, but with two 45 degree lines. 




Fig. lo— Curve in Lower Sketch Not Properly Drawn 

triangle placed against the tee square. 

Do not place the branch far down on 
the fitting as the incorrect sketch shows- 

The hubs shown on the latter sketch 
do not give as good an appearance to the 
work as those in which a bead is shown 
at the top. Although the intersection of 
the branch and fitting is a curve, as 
shown, the method in the incorrect 
sketch answers as well, and is much 
easier. In drawing the S trap, Fig. 15, 
draw in the straight parts of the trap 
first, and put in the curves next. Do 
not get the three branches of the trap 
too far apart, as shown in the incorrect 
sketches, and the middle part should 
the center to either of the lines, the curve 
neither be quite vertical, nor on too much 
of a slant. Speaking of the curves re- 
minds us/ that a little instruction is. 
needed on the proper manner of putting 



18 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



them in. If two lines at right angles to 
each other are to be joined by a curve, it 
is necessary to take the center for the 
curve at an equal distance from each 





Fig. 17 — Showing How Curves are Put !n, Joining 
Lines at Odd Angles 

line, and from this point, with a distance 
on the compasses equal to that from 
will join both lines as the upper sketch 
in Fig. 16 shows. 

A very common error in those just be- 
ginning the subject is to draw the curve 
as it appears in the lower sketch of Fig. 
16, that is, so that it does not run 
smoothly into the straight lines, but 
leaves a corner at the point where the 
curve joins. Even though the center is 
taken so that it is equally distant from 
each line, this fault may occur by tak- 
ing too long a radius on the compasses, 
a distance greater than the perpendicular 
distance from the center of the line. 

The exact point for taking this center 
is on the 45-degree line from the angle 
made by the two lines, the dotted line in 
the sketch as illustrated on page 17. 



With the center taken at any point on 
this line, the two straight lines can be 
joined with a smooth curve, the curve 
being longer or shorter as the center is 
taken further from or nearer to the angle. 

We are often required to put in curves 
joining lines which are at some odd angle 
as in Fig. 17. In this case it is more 
difficult to find a line of centers, and it is 
usual to keep trying one point after an- 
other until the right point for the center 
is found. In fact, draughtsmen seldom 
take the trouble to find a line for their 
center as Fig. 16 shows, but soon become 
so expert in finding by trial the right 
location from which to strike the curve, 
that they seldom need more than a couple 
attempts before obtaining the right 
point. 

We have stated that our intention is to 




Fig. 18— Sketch Obtained by Looking Down Into 
the Sink 

give exercises for practice work. In 
addition to that we shall carry along the 
general subject of plumbing drawing as 
well. 
There are two views which are neces- 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



19 



sary to show any piece of plumbing work 
in full. 

One is the plan, the other the elevation. 

As most of our readers have had ex- 
perience in working from architects' 
plans, they know that it is customary to 
give only a cellar plan of the plumbing, 
and the several floor plans showing the 



If the architect is practical in his ideas 
on plumbing construction, this should 
often be of help to the plumber, especial- 
ly from the fact that it should have a 
tendency to make competitors figure 
more nearly on the same basis. We 
show in Fig. 18 a plan, and in Fig. 19 
an elevation of the common kitchen sink. 



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B^acXtt 




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4-> 



J 



Stacft. 



Figure 19 — Showing an Elevation of a Common Kitchen Sink 



location of fixtures and soil, waste and 
vent lines, leaving the plumber to put in 
his connections according to his own 
ideas. 

However, on many of the best jobs 
nowadays, architects are giving an eleva- 
tion, showing the manner in which the 
work is to be laid out. 



These two drawings, if desired, may be 
taken as exercises. 

The suggestions made concerning the 
five preceding sketches should be applied 
in drawing up Fig. 19. It can easily be 
seen that each of these views is equally 
necessary to the complete representation 
of the sink and its connections. Fig. 18 



20 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



shows the location of the sink more fully 
chan Fig. 19, but Fig. 19 shows the con- 
nections more fully — the connection 
under the floor into the stack for in- 
stance, the height at which the sink is 
set, etc. 

t As we said in looking into the matter 
of projection as the fundamental prin- 
ciple of drawing, the plan (Fig. 18) is 
obtained by looking down onto the sink, 
and the elevation (Fig. 19) by looking 
directly at it, just as one would look at 
the front of a building. 

This elevation is taken looking at the 
front of the sink as the arrow points. 
An elevation might as properly have been 
taken looking at the end of the sink, as 
the dotted arrow points. There are cer- 
tain reasons, however, why the elevation 
which we show gives a better view than 
the other. If the elevation had been 
talren from the end of the sink, it will 



be noticed that the waste and vent lines 
would have come one in front of the 
other instead of side by side as the front 
elevation shows, and the trap and its 
back air pipe would not have shown 
broadside to us, as Fig. 19 represents. 

Therefore, in this work, the layout of 
the work should be sized up first, and 
such an elevation chosen as will . show 
the work to best advantage. There is 
another point to be observed from Figs. 
18 and 19. 

When drawn on the same scale as these 
two views are, and should be when pos- 
sible, similar measurements taken on each 
should agree with each other. For in- 
stance, measure from the end of the lower 
drip board in the plan to the center of 
the vent line, and take the same meas- 
urement on the elevation. The two 
measurements will be found to be the 
same. 



CHAPTER 17. 



WE have already stated, there 
are two views of any pro- 
posed piece of work that 
the plumber will need, if 
the work is to be shown fully. 
These views are known as the plan 
and the elevation, and each is equal- 
ly valuable. The plan is sometimes called 
the top view, that is to say, this view, by 
whichever term it may be known, is ob- 
tained by looking down upon the object 
or the work, that is to be shown. Now 
in Figs. 20, 21, 22, and 23, we show draw- 
ings for an ordinary cottage house, such 



on his own line of work that he can look 
to for help. 

Indeed, in a great many cases he does 
not need any further help. On the other 
hand, in a great many cases mere is 
abundant use for a special drawing on 
the plumbing work of a building, and 
such a thing would often be of service 
to the plumber and to the architect and 
owner as well. If the architect had to 
work out in a drawing the way in which 
the different pipes, vent and waste would 
have to run, it would be the means of 
his giving more attention to the location 



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Fig. 20 — Showing Cellar Plan. Scale i^-inch to I foot. 



as are usually drawn up by the architect 
having the work in charge, and such, no 
doubt, as most of our readers are entire- 
ly familiar with. 

These views are what the plumber us- 
ually figures his work from, and as a 
general thing he has no further drawing 



of his fixtures, the laying out of bath 
rooms, the running of floor timbers, etc.. 
and as a result, the plumber would find 
himself able^to put in his work to better 
advantage, with less cutting, etc., than 
he is usually able to do under present 
existing and undesirable conditions. 



21 



22 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



Fig. 20 show^ a cellar plan, with the 
pipes running as they are to be put in. 
This is a view that is very important, 



the plumbing system as we are supposed 
to do when making this view, we shall 
see only the ends of pipes that run ver- 



IP 



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Fig. 21 — Showing Bathroom Connections on Second Moor. Scale ig-inch to I foot. 



one that will almost always be required 
when drawings of the plumbing work are 
desired. 
That two stacks that pass up through 



tically, and as may readily be seen, these 
ends will appear circular. Now when 
we come to study the first and second 
floor plans, each gives, or should give, 



A 



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Fig. 22 — Showing First Floor Plan. Scaie J^-inch to I foot. 

the house, and through the roof, are the location of all fixtures on that partic- 
shown in this view or in any other plan ular floor, also the location of any stacks 
view by circles, for in looking down on that may pass up through said floor. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



23 



In comparing these floor plans with 
the cellar plan, if it is found that the 
position of the stack as the circle shows 
it, is located directly over its position in 
the cellar, it is clear that the pipe runs 
vertically without offset. 

If the positions do not show this, but 
it is found that the locations vary, then 
we know that there is an offset. 

It would be first-class practice for any 
one following these articles, to take the 
set of plans which we illustrate, and 
work out the same on a larger scale, or 
better still, to change the layout and lo- 
cate the stacks in their proper positions 
on the several floors. 

The drawing of a cellar plan, with the 
pipes showing, as we submit in Fig. 20, 
is especially desirable work for the be- 
ginner, and not too difficult for him. We 
therefore suggest that he give particular 
attention to perfecting that view. It 
will be noticed that these four views are 
each drawn on a scale of % inch to the 
foot. To those who do not understand 
clearly what is meant by a scale drawing, 
we would make the following explana- 
tion: It is obviously impossible to lay 
out any view of an object of as large size 
as a house in its actual size. In this 
event, it is customary to choose some 
certain measurement, and let such meas- 
urement on the drawing represent some 
larger measurement on the object itself. 
Thus, in these floor plans, if we find a 
certain measurement to be % inch, we 
know from the scale that we are using, 
that the same measurement on the house 
itself is 5 feet. Various scales are in 
use, depending on the size of the build- 
ing usually. 

On ordinary work, the scale generally 
used is 14 inch to the foot. On large 
work y s inch to the foot is common. 
This brings to mind the fact that in 
working or figuring from plans care 
must be taken to do such work with the 
scale that the drawings are made on. 
The writer has heard several times of 
people who have made such a mistake 
as figuring the work from plans drawn 
on a y 8 inch scale at % inch scale, thus 
figuring only one-half the necessary 
lengths of pipes a fifty per cent. loss. 



Now if any of our readers wish to en- 
large these plans as we have suggested, 
and draw them on a larger scale, it can 
easily be done. If it is desired to make 
the drawings four times the size shown 
by us, they would then be on a scale of 
Y-2 inch to the foot, and every measure- 
ment on our drawings would have to be 





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Fig. 23— Shawing Elevation. Scale J^-ln. to I ft. 

made four times as large in the new 
drawing. 

Fig. 23 we have scarcely referred to 
as yet. It represents a very simple ele- 
vation of the house shown in plan on the 
three other views, and is not meant to 
represent in any way, the finished eleva- 
tion that the architect usually prepares. 



24 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



It simply shows the heighFs between 
floors, etc., and really represents all that 
the plumber needs so far as the eleva- 
tions generally given by the architect are 
concerned. From the elevations given 
by the architect, unless indeed, they are 





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elevations of the plumbing work itself, 
the plumber gets no other help than the 
several heights which will help him in 
figuring his vertical lines of pipe, etc. 
Now, before bringing this chapter to 
an end, there is one bit of instruction 
that we should give, and it will be help- 
ful in laying out a part of the work 
shown in the cellar plan. The point to 
which we refer, is the running of lines 
at an odd angle, so that they shall be 
parallel to each other, as for instance, 
either line of conductors, which run at an 
angle with the main line. Of course hor- 
izontally and vertically, it is not diffi- 
cult to get lines parallel, for all that is 
necessary is to move the tee square or 
triangle from one position to another, at 
the required distance apart from the first 
line. The way in which the result is 
reached when the lines are neither hori- 



zontal nor vertical, but as some angL> 
between, may best be described from 
Figs. 24 and 25. Suppose in Fig. 24 the 
line A B has been drawn, and it is de- 
sired to draw a second line parallel to 
it. To do this, place one of the trian- 
gles in the position which No. 1 has, 
with one of its edges matching up with 
the line AB. Then place another triangle 
No. 3 against No. 1 triangle, as shown. 
Now, holding triangle No. 3 firmly in 
place, move No. 1 along to a second posi- 
tion, shown by No. 2, when line C D can 
be drawn parallel to A B. Any number 
of parallel lines can be drawn in this 
way. 

It does not matter how. the triangles 
are put together, so long as one can 
move along on the other. Thus in Fig. 




25, the two triangles are placed different- 
ly, but the lines E F and G H can be 
drawn parallel in just the same manner. 
This method of drawing parallel lines 
should be kept in mind, for it is the 
practical way of doing such work. 



CHAPTER V 



THIS method would be made use 
of in representing runs of pipe 
at oblique angles with the main. 
After having shown such a line 
of pipe, it is necessary to show the hubs 
on pipe and fittings, and the lines repre- 
senting the hub are of course at right 
angles to the direction of the pipe. 

Referring now to Fig. 26, let us sup- 
pose the two parallel lines representing 
the pipe have been drawn at some odr* 
angle, and it is desired to put in the per- 
pendicular lines showing the hubs. We 
will suppose that the lower line or the 
pipe has been drawn by placing the tri- 
angles. No. 2 and No. 4 together, and 
following the method explained above. 
Still holding No. 2 in position, draw No. 
4 along the edge of No. 2 into a new 



position away from the line just drawn. 
This new position is shown by No. 1. 

Now holding No. 1 firmly in its new 
position, place No. 2 triangle in the posi- 
tion shown by No. 3, with one of its 
edges at right angles to the line of pipe, 
as it must of necessity be. 

It will be clearly seen that by sliding 
No. 3 along No. 1, lines at right angles to 
the direction of the line of pipe can be 
drawn at any desired point. It has taken 
quite a few words to explain this method, 
simple as it is, and it is a good example 
of the difficulties in carrying on a course 
of this kind in any other way than by 
oral demonstrations. An instructor could 
explain a great deal to the pupil before 
him very quickly, whereas the writing of 
the same explanation demands of the one 




Method of Drawing Lines Perpendicular to Each Other at Right Angles. 

25 



26 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



following our instructions very close at- 
tention, if he is to get full benefit. from 
his study. 
However, we try to make our explana- 



position of No. 2, and the line C D Will 
be the line desired. It is the same with 
the 45 deg. triangle. In Fig. 27 if it is 
desired to draw a line at right angles to 



tions as clear and simple as possible, and line EF, reverse triangle No. 3 to the 
believe that those following these articles position of triangle No. 4, and the line 





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Another Method of Drawing Lines Perpendicular to Each Other at Common Angles. 



closely can derive much benefit from the 
knowledge of the subject gained. 

If two lines are to be perpendicular to 
each other at common angles, such as 
30 deg., 45 deg. and 60 deg., the problem 
is simple, and may easily be seen by refer- 
ence to Fig. 27. 

The line A B is drawn at 30 deg. with 



G H will be the line desired. 

This latter statement may often be put 
to use, as we may see from Fig. 28. In 
making drawings of plumbing work, it 
is far oftener the case that a branch is 
taken from a horizontal or vertical line 
of pipe than from a line running at odd 
angles. A regular Y branch is always 




The Main Pipe Drawn With a Tee Square- 

the horizontal, and can be obtained sim- 
ply by drawing a line along the edge of 
the 30 deg. triangle placed against the tee 
square. To obtain a line at right angles 
to A B just reverse triangle No. 1 to the 



-Lines of Branch With 45 Degree Triangle. 

at an angle of 45 deg. with the main line 
of pipe. Therefore, in laying out work, 
such as shown in Fig. 28, the main pipe 
is drawn in with the tee square, and the 
lines of the branch are drawn in with 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



27 



the use of the 45 deg. triangle in posi- 
tion No. 1. Lines representing the hubs 
are put in with the same triangle in posi- 
tion No. 2. 

In Fig. 29 we show right and wrong 
methods for drawing quarter and eighth 
bends, and in Fig. 30 like methods for 
running traps. We do this in order to 
show our readers some of the mistakes 
which it is natural for a beginner to 
make, and which he can the better 
avoid after comparing wrong construc- 
tions with correct. The common quar- 
ter bend is a compact fitting as No. I 
will show, and the mistake often made 
is in giving it the long sweep shown in 
No. 2, although there are special fittings 
made after the manner of No. 2. The 
same fault is often found in the drawing 
of eighth and other bends. In drawing 
the quarter bend, first run the horizontal 
and vertical lines, then with the com- 
passes set on a center close to the inter- 
section of the two inside lines, describe 
the curves so that they will run smooth- 
ly into the respective lines. Of course 
both curves are struck from the same cen- 
ter. Many times the eighth bend will be 
used between a Y branch and a straight 
run of pipe. In this case, draw in the 
lines for the Y branch and the straight 
line, then connect these lines with the 
proper curve. Not until this is done 
should the hub on the branch or on the 
bend be drawn. Now with reference to 




Right and Wrong — Quarter and Eighth Bends. 




! 



"Fie*. 30> 



Showing How Curve of Trap is Made Too Low Dowsio 



28 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



29 



the running trap of Fig. 30. The com- 
mon fault in drawing this fitting is to 
make the curve of the trap too low down, 
that is, to give the trap- a much deeper 
seal than is it really has. Another fault 
shown in No. 2 as compared with No. 1, 
is the length of the straight lines con- 
necting the vent hubs with the trap. As 
seen in No. 1, these hubs set close to the 
trap, and are close together. We have 
taken up the construction of these par- 
ticular fittings in order that use may 
"be made of the instructions given in 
working out the exercise in drawing 
which we give in Fig. 31. We would 
suggest that with this figure as a model 
the student work out the combination of 
pipe and fittings as we give it, and on 
the same scale, or at least no smaller 



scale. We believe, by applying the In- 
struction which we have already given, 
that the beginner will be able to work 
this exercise out without much difficulty. 
To start with, run the main line of pipe 
right through, regardless of fittings, giv- 
ing it a slight pitch, as it would natur- 
ally have. Then put in the trap, and 
work back. In using the lead pencil do 
not bear down so heavily that when it 
comes to erasing lines later, to show in 
the fittings, the lines cannot be entirely 
erased. We should have stated previous 
to this that a hard lead pencil, prefer- 
ably 6H, should be used, as it makes 
much cleaner work than a soft pencil. 
The very small curves, such as seen on 
the heads of hubs may best be put in by 
hand, rather than with instruments. 



CHAPTER VI 



THE making of complete elevations 
of plumbing systems is one of 
the most important points of the 
subject which we are studying, 
and even though we are hardly able as 



yet to make such drawings, it will be 
well for us now to consider the general 
points in connection with them. 

The only requirements for making these 
views are the plans of the several floors 



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Floor Plan. 



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Fig. 32— Floor Plans of First and Second Floors. 
30 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



cl 



such as are ordinarily submitted by the 
architect and an elevation of the build- 
ing, from which the heights between 
floors, etc., may be obtained. 

The elevation, whether it be of the 




Fig. 33— Front Elevation of Plumbing. 

house itself, or of the plumbing, may be 
taken either from the front or from the 
side. 

In Fig. 32 we give the floor plans of 
the first and second floors of a residence 
with a plan elevation showing heights. 

The cellar plan is not necessary for 
the making of the elevation ordinarily, 
for the elevation cannot usually show the 
pipes on the cellar bottom to such good 
advantage as the cellar plan can. 

In Fig. 33 we give a front elevation 
of the plumbing for the house as shown in 
Fig. 32, and in Fig, 34, the side elevation. 



As the front of the house we take the 
end to the left, and the front elevation 
(Fig. 33), is taken by viewing the work 
from that point. 

The side from which the work is viewed 
for the side elevations is the side on 
which the bath room is located. This 
side view might be taken from the side 
opposite if desired, and would be as cor- 
rect a side elevation as the one we have 
taken. 

While not always so, in the present in- 
stance the floor plans and plumbing ele- 
vations are made on the same scale. 




Fig- 34- — Side Elevation of Plumbing. 

In order to be correct then, distances 
between certain points on the floor plans 
must be the same on the elevation. There- 
fore, in laying out the front elevation, 
the first thing to do is to lay out the two 



32 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



main lines of vertical pipe at a distance 
apart from each other equal to the dis- 
tance between the two pipes which a view 




Correct and Incorrect Drawing for Fittings. 

of the house from the front would give. 
We wish to make ourselves very clear 
on this point, as the beginner in drawing 
often makes a mistake right here. The 
actual distance between the two lines of 
pipe as shown in the first floor plan, is 
the distance from A to C, but in viewing 
the work from the front, the distance 
will appear as the distance across from 
A to B. In the same way in the side 
elevation the distance between the two 
pipes will not be the actual distance 
from A to C, for a view taken by looking 
at the work from the side will make 
the distance appear as that from A to D. 



If these facts do not explain themselves 
readily to our readers, we would advise 
them to refer back to what we had to 
say on projection. We have brought it 
up at this point in order that our read- 
ers may get the idea somewhat in their 
minds, but shall take it up more thor- 
oughly at a later point in this book. 
In the same way that the distance be- 
tween pipes is la'id out, other measure- 
ments are taken. Thus, looking from 
the front for the front elevation (Fig. 
33), we find the lavatory shown on 
the first floor plan to be at the right of 




Another Correct and Incorrect method of 
Drawing for Fittings. 

the stack A. Therefore in the elevation, 
locate it at the same distance to the 
right of the stack as shown on page 31. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



The plans and elevations of any piece 
of work must always be consistent. 
Otherwise, they are of no value. The 
plan of the lavatory just, referred to 
shows that it is ■ set away and from the 
stack in a certain manner, this we cannot 
show nearly so well in the elevation. The 
latter view shows how high the fixture is 
set, etc., which the plan cannot show. 
Each view then has its own special use 
and value. Now let us compare the two 
elevations. We shall see that the front 
elevation is far less clear than the side, 
and so thoroughly is this true, that we 
have not shown in the connection for the 
separate fixtures on the front elevation. 
In the bath room and kitchen the fix- 
tures come in front of each other, and if 
we should attempt on this small scale to 
show all the connections, the work would 
be so confused and mixed up that it 
would be useless. 

The side elevation, however, shows 
everything clearly. The comparison of 
the two elevations makes it clear then, 
that in making an elevation of the plumb- 
ing work of any building from the plans, 
we should be careful to select that eleva- 
tion which will show the work most clear- 
ly. Indeed, it is sometimes necessary to 
show one stack as a front elevation, and 
another on the same work as a side ele- 
vation. This we shall consider later on. 

In Figs. 35 and 36 we give correct and 
incorrect methods of drawing certain fit- 
tings. No. 1, in Fig. 35, shows a T-Y. 

The branch is actually a short one and 
not carried on a wide sweep, with the 
branch, but so far .out as No. 2 shows. 
The depth of hubs should be about two- 
thirds the diameter of the pipe. 

The vented T-Y is shown in its correct 
form in No. 3, and should not be made 
as in No. 4 with the branch hub too far 
out, and with the branch too leved. The 
vent hub should be on the same level as 
the main hub on the fitting. 

In Fig. 36 the branch of the inverted 
Y should be made at 45 deg., and not at 
30 deg., as shown in No. 2. No. 3 shows 
the correct form of the vent fitting used 
in connecting the main vent back into 
the stack. The hubs should not be on 
the same level as No. 4 shows, and the 



r^l 



WE. 



Fig,. 31. 



34 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



branch should run out straight for a 
little distance and not start to curve at 
once from the main part of the fitting. 
In Fig. 37 we give two exercises in draw- 
ing which combine the several fittings 
shown in the two preceding figures. We 
would advise some little practice on the 
work shown in Figs. 35 and 36, and then 
practice on the work of Fig, 37. 



In No. 1 the vent from the upper vent- 
ed T-Y is shown offset into the main 
vent through a vent T turned slightly 
from its straight position. In laying out 
these two exercises, first put in the two 
main lines of pipes without hubs, the line 
of vent being shown nearly its diameter 
away from the ether pipe. The side eleva- 
tion will receive attention next. 



CHAPTER VII 



IN the preceding chapter we showed 
front and side elevations of the 
plumbing of a residence, and 
noted the fact that the side ele- 
vation was by far the clearer, con- 
sequently the more valuable of the 
two. These views were drawn on the 



same scale as the floor plans, and as 
may have been evident to our readers, 
this scale was so small that it was more 
or less difficult to trace out the work, 
and that the smaller details could not be 
clearly shown. In Fig. 38 we show the 
principal part of the side elevation men- 




Fig. 38— The Principal Part of Side Elevation Mentioned, Drawn Double Size. 

35 



36 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



tioned, drawn on a scale of double size. 

It will be noticed how much more clear- 
ly the work appears. The wiped joints 
for instance, can be more clearly shown, 
the beads on the soil pipe hubs, etc. All 
these minor points go to giving character 
to a drawing and it is always well to 
show them. 

We would therefore strongly advise 
our readers against making their draw- 
ings en too small a scale. Fig. 38, while 
double the scale used on the elevations 
shown in Chapter 6, is too small, and 
we should have made it larger, but for 
the necessity of economizing space. The 
smaller the scale on which a drawing 
is made, the more difficult, the more put- 
tering the work will be, and it has been 
the experience of the writer that begin- 
ners often . discourage f their own efforts 
by drawing their work too small. An- 
other point in connection with Fig. 38, 
to which we wish to call attention, is the 
manner in which the main line of back 
air for the bathroom stack is shown. In 
Fig. 34 of the previous article, it is shown 
directly in line with, and in front of the 
main stack, and this is of course the 
true position for it in the view in ques- 
tion. 

Instead of following the absolutely 
right way of showing this line of pipe 
in Fig. 38 we have shown it at the side 
of the main stack. A comparison of 
the two views will show at once that the 
method followed in Fig. 38 gives a bet- 
ter idea of the way in which the work 
is done, than Fig. 34. This is particu- 
larly true concerning the connection of 
the main back air into the stack, above 
the highest and below the lowest fixtures. 

In a great many cases, probably a large 
majority of them, it could make no prac- 
tical difference whether the relative po- 
sitions of the stack and main back air 
were as they are shown in Fig. 34 or as 
shown in Fig. 38. When this is the 
case, it will often be found of advantage 
to draw certain parts of the work as if 
seen in a different view than the rest. 
As a general thing, an elevation is' usu- 
ally given simply to show the general 
layout of the work, the way in which the 
fixtures are to be connected, etc., and 
for the location of fixtures the floor plans 



are made use of. Therefore, many times 
it is best to show such a view of certain 




Fig. 39 —A Practice Sketch 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



37 



parts of the work, as will be of the great- 
est assistance in giving a clear idea of 
the method of putting in the work. 

In Figs. 39, 40 and 41, we give three 
exercises, which the student will do well 
to practice on faithfully. They are some- 
what more difficult than those which have 
preceded them, though not too difficult. 
We would advise going over the work 
several times if necessary to get results 
that will be satisfactory, carefully com- 
paring the work with that which we give, 
and noting where improvements can be 
made. 

It will be noticed on each of these ex- 
ercises that there are a number of dots. 
These dots represent the centers for the 
different curves, that is, the points on 
which the instrument must be placed to 
draw the curves correctly. We have done 
ihis for the reason that the beginner in 
drawing, often has difficulty in deciding 
how large a radius he must take for 
striking a given curve. 

Wherever a pipe curves, both the inside 
and outside curves are struck from the 
same centre. This must be so of course, 
in order that the bend in the pipe may 
be of the same diameter at every point. 
The further off the center is taken, or 
in other words, the greater the radius, 
the greater the sweep the curve will have. 
Thus in Fig. 39, it will be noticed that a 
branch enters the vertical line of pipe 
just below the entrance of the waste 
from the sink, and that in doing so 
quite a wide sweep is made, the center 
for which is nearly an inch away. 

This we should draw in' the following 
manner: Put in first the Y branch, which 
will give us the direction the curve has 
got to take. Next draw in the lines rep- 
resenting the straight run of pipe just 
under the floor. . Then connect this 
straight section with the Y by means of 
the curve. After this has been done, 
draw in the hubs, erasing such of the 
lines as are not needed. In drawing the 
straight section of pipe beneath the floor, 
do not try to stop tile lines at the exact 
point where the curves will meet them, 
but put them in indefinite length, and 
erase whatever runs by, after putting in 
the curves. Now, in laying out these 
drawings, if they are to be made on a 



special scale, cf course it will be neces- 
sary to work according to such scale, 




Fig. 40 — Another Practice Drawing. 



38 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



but if the drawing is simply to show the 
general manner in which the work is to 
be installed, as would more often be the 
case in making plumbing drawings, then 
we need not be so careful in making 
the layout. We will suppose in the case 
of Figs. 39, 40 and 41, that no scale is 
required. Decide first on which side of 
the fixture the main waste and vent lines 
are to be run, then draw them without 
hubs, and draw the fixture in its position. 
Very often it is best as in the case of 
the sink in Fig. 39, to show the waste at 
the further end of the sink, as it can 
readily be seen that it would be close 
work to show it properly at the other 
end. 

After having drawn the waste for the 
sink to the floor, draw in a general way 
the horizontal section of waste under the 
floor, with sufficient pitch, and from the 
course of this pipe it can be seen where 
the Y branch will have to be located. 
Then draw the Y branch beneath, and 
the branch line of pipe running into it, 
as explained above. 

Now as to putting in the offset, it will 
probably be easier to draw in the main 
line into which the vertical branches, 
and come up with the bend, before put- 
ting in the offset. This method would 
usually be better, though in the present 
instance it does not matter particularly. 

It will be noticed that in these exer- 
cises we have shown both sink and lava- 
tory in two positions, one in which it 
is seen from the front, and the other from 
the end. This we do in order that the 
student may become accustomed to show- 



ing the wcrk in whichever way it may 
be necessary. In the case of Fig. 41 we 
show an oval bowl. A side view of it, 
however, would not be materially differ- 
ent from the common round bowl. 

In Fig. 40 it will be noticed that the 




U=L 




lavatory appears to set too close to the 
ceiling, and that the vertical lines of 
pipe are broken. It often happens that 
in order to economize space, fixtures 
shown in illustrations appear too close 
to the ceiling. Many times this is almost 
unavoidable if the work is to be shown on 
a good fair scale, and often in such cases, 
the pipes are broken off, to show that 
the full length or height does not appear. 



CHAPTER, VIII 



WE have given more or less space 
in this book to the consider- 
ation of drawings drawn to 
scale, and this brings to mind 
a suggestion along the same line, which 
may be of value. In Figs. 42 and 43, we 
show an elevation of bathroom work, with 
floor plan for the same. It will be noticed 
that the space on which these drawings 
have been made, is ruled off, into one- 
eighth inch squares. Paper ruled in this 
manner, and called co-ordinate paper, can 
be procured usually of stationers, and for 
the making of scale drawings is often very 
useful. 

In Figs. 42 and 43, we have used a scale 
of %-inch to 4-inches. In other words, each 



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/ 




V 


W 




Side 
c 


\i\e.u. 










fr— 


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Yin. a. 


\J\e/u> 



Fig-. 44.— Showing 1 a Side and End View of a 
Bath Tub. 

one of the spaces, whether vertical or hori- 
zontal, represents 4 inch on the actual 
work. 

Thus, the diameter of the soil pipe, 4 
inch, takes up a single space; the 2 inch 
pipe takes up in diameter, half of one of 



the spaces; the height of the back to tne 
lavatory is 10 inches, the height of the ceil- 
ing from the bathroom floor is about 10 
feet, etc. These spaces might just as prop- 
rely represent 2 inches or 8 inches or any 
other dimension. It is always best, how- 




5 



Si-^e Vveuj 




Fig. 45.— View of a Water Closet. 

ever, to make the scale just as large as the 
amount of work to be shown, and the size 
of the paper will allow. 

It is probable that many of our readers 
in different parts of the country are al- 
ready familiar with this method of laying 
out drawings, for many boards of health 
require such drawings as we show in Figs. 
42 and 43, and supply paper ruled in this 
very way, on which the drawings are sub- 
mitted. 

Most of the practice work which we have 
heretofore presented in this book, has 
been on soil pipe work. We have reached 



39 



40 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 











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Fig. 42.— Each of the Spaces, Vertical or Horizontal, Represents 4 in. on the Actual Work. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



41 



a point now, where we need to be able to 
draw the different fixtures, and we there- 
fore show in Figs. 44, 45, and 46, come of 
this work. 

In Fig. 44 we show a side and an end 
view of a bath tub, for we must be pre- 
pared to show this or any other fixture in 
either position. 

Fig. 45 gives views of a water closet 
which is general in shape, and unless some 
particular type is to be shown on a draw- 
ing, this form we believe, will be found 
easier to draw than most any other. For. 



the different views of these fixtures, and 
would advise practice in constructing 
them, first, on the same scale that we 
show, and then on a larger scale, as it is 
of course necessary to be able to draw 
work in any size, and not well to practice 
continually on the size which we give in 
the exercises. 

After devoting some time to the above 
practice, we would ask our readers to take 
up the work shown in Fig. 47, which 
brings into use the fixtures we are now 
familiar with, and in certain ways is 




Showing: a Scale of 1 -8 inch to 4 inches, same as in Fig. 42. 



some reason or other, the washout water 
closet shown in Fig. 46, often appears in 
plumbing drawings. While saying noth- 
ing as to the excellence of this particular 
type, or otherwise, it is. a difficult matter 
for the beginner in drawing to show it 
properly proportioned. The incorrect view 
of Fig. 46 will serve to show some of the 
common errors made in illustrating this 
style of closet, which our readers will ob- 
serve by comparing the same with the 
upper view. 

We have indicated by dots, the centers of 
the several curves necessary in drawing 



somewhat more difficult than preceding 
exercises. Skill in the drawing of plumb- 
ing work is simply a matter of practice, 
and we therefore again urge upon those 
following this series, to put in as much 
practice work as possible. If Fig. 47, or in 
fact any other work which we present, is 
on too small a scale for our readers to 
work easily, with the knowledge of the 
subject which they now possess, we would 
advise them to enlarge the size, say to 
double that which our work shows. It 
will be noticed in Fig 47, that the Y branch 
into which the bath and lavatory on the 



42 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




second floor erjter, faces toward the front, 
in which case, we have the view which ap- 
pears. The two vent tees also face the 
front, so that the tee branch does not ap- 
pear, merely the circular form of the end 
of the branch. 

Again, the upper fitting in Fig. 47, 
through which the vent line enters the 
stack, stands with its branch facing the 
front, and does not show the true shape of 
it, such as we have previously given in a 
preceding chapter. 

As we have already stated, in making 
these drawings, we must be able to show 
fittings and fixtures in any position that 
we happen to meet, and while it is best to 
show them to the best advantage, it is al- 
most impossible to show every feature of 
a drawing of any extent, as we would 
desire. 




Stele. \Jie.uj 




U 

"Fxorvt \Jteui 




In.corx:ect. \J\euu 



A More Difficult Exercise. 



Fig. 48— The Drawing of Washout Water 
Closet. 




E have previously shown the 
proper forms for construct- 
ing some of the common 
fixtures. To these add in 
Figs. 48, 49, and 50, the urinal, slop 
hopper, and refrigerator. In these, besides 
showing the fixture itself, we have shown 
its connections also. We think this a good 
idea, for the reason that some of our 




CHAPTER IX 

positions, as seen from the side, and from 
the front. The front view of this fixture, 
will be found rather difficult to draw, and 
to make it as easy as possible, we have 
dotted the centers of the principal curves 
used in constructing it. By placing the 
compasses on the different centers, and 
seeing which curves would probably be 
struck from the different points, we think 
it can be worked out satisfactorily. 

In practicing on this work, it may be 
advisable, as we have previously sug- 
gested, to work on a larger scale, if the 



The Drawing of a Slop Hopper. 

younger and more inexperienced readers 
may thereby be gaining a knowledge of 
sanitary methods, while gaining a knowl- 
edge of the subject of plumbing drawings. 

The three sketches above mentioned are 
presented as practice exercises, and inter- 
ested readers cannot do better than to put 
in a good allowance of time in working on 
them. 

In Fig. 48, the urinals are shown in two 




Y'x&.'oO 



Drawing - of Refrigerator and Connections. 



43 



44 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



P^q 1 



Side. "VKe."u> 







Y^cortX "Vieto 







I 




FlGi.48. 



Drawing Showing - Urinals in Two 
Different Positions. 



scale on which plans are illustrated is too 
small to work easily. 

In drawing the front view of the urinal, 
it will be noticed, by the way, that tne 
fixture is in such a position that the waste 
is carried directly back. In this case, we 
might have dotted the waste to the floor, 
and the back air to the partition, but have 
preferred to show it in the way that it 
appears, which we believe will be clear 
enough for all purposes. There are many 
places where it is necessary to show part 
of the work by dotted lines, the dotted 
lines, of course, always signifying that 
the work thus shown is behind a wall or 
other obstruction, but the writer's opin- 
ion has always been that in this line of 
work, dotted lines do not add to the. ap- 
pearance of a drawing, and that it is bet- 
ter not to show them, unless the drawing 
will be made less clear by omitting them. 
Up to the present point we have confined 
ourselves entirely to lead and cast iron 
work. If we are to be able, however, to 
draw different kinds of work as it is pre- 
sented to us, we shall need to know how 
to show wrought iron piping, not only on 
supply work, but on back airing. After 
what instruction has been given on cast 
iron work, there is not a great deal addi- 
tional to be given on wrought iron. In 
Fig. 51, we give two methods of showing 
fittings, and also the two positions in 
which valves are usually seen. A side 
view of the valve shows its true shape, 
whjle in an end view the wheel handle 
and body represent it. In Fig. 52 is also 
given a sketch showing errors likely to be 
made, such as giving too wide a sweep to 
the curve of an elbow, and in making tee 
branches too long. A glance at the fit- 
tings themselves will show wherein the 
errors mentioned exist. As to a choice 
between the use of the beaded fittings and 
the plain fittings, we believe the former 
will be found the easiest to draw. The 
reason for this is that the diameter of the 
fittings and the diameter of the pipe are 
usually made the same, while the plain 
fittings to show as fittings, must have a 
greater diameter than that of the pipe, 
and this difference between the laying out 
of the two styles of fittings means less 
work on the beaded style. 

For this reason, the writer usually pre- 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



45 




Two Methods of Drawing Fittings. 



All Fittings Drawn With Ends Square. 



46 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



fers to use this fitting in the drawing of 
work in which water pipe is to be drawn, 




Sketch Showing Errors Likely to be Made. 

but in the case of wrought iron back air 
work, is inclined to use the plain fitting, 
as shown in Fig. 53, in which is repre- 
sented back airing, including the main 
and the several branches. It will be no- 
ticed that fittings are shown in several 
different positions. For instance, the 



branch taken off the main back air where 
it offsets, comes out of the tee straight 
toward us, and then bends off at an angle 
of 45 deg., then comes out straight toward 
us again, and then runs horizontally. 
The bends used on this branch are in 
such a position that their true shape can- 
not be seen. If the beginner has difficulty 
at any time in seeing how different fit- 
tings appear when placed in certain posi- 
tions, let him take the fittings themselves 
and place them before him in such posi- 
tions as are required. In doing this, how- 
ever, he must remember to draw what- 
ever object he has before him, with the 
element of perspective entirely elimi- 
nated. We have referred to this before, 
but a cautionary word at this point will 
not be out of place. It will be noticed 
that all the fittings of Fig. 53, whether 
wrought iron or cast iron, are drawn with 
their ends square across, and not curved 
as they would usually appear in perspec- 
tive. Occasionally a part of the work will 
have to be shown in such a way, that a 
certain amount of perspective will have 
to be used, but for one unpracticed in its 
execution, it is a difficult matter to make 
such work look well, and errors on such 
work are very likely to destroy the ap- 
pearance of an otherwise excellent draw- 
ing. We are ready now, we believe, to 
take up complete elevations of different 
work, including both drainage and sup- 
ply, and this we shall do in the next 
chapter. 



CHAPTER X 



WHILE it must be clear to our 
readers that the ability to 
make a good, clear pencil 
drawing is the chief point 
to be gained in pursuing a task 
of this kind, the ability to ink the 
drawings is also very desirable. We pre- 
sume that many of those interested will 
care only for the pencil work, but others 
on the contrary will be anxious to go 
further and take up inking. Inking adds 
character to a drawing, and makes the 
work much clearer than pencil can. An- 
other point is this — if the drawing is of 
any extent, by the time the pencilling has 
been completed, even though a hard pen- 
cil has been used on the work, the sheet 
has become much soiled by constant rub- 
bing over it of the hands, sleeves, the 
square and triangles, etc. 

Now if the drawing is inked, the whole 
surface can be gone over with a soft 
sponge rubber, which will not rub off the 
raked lines, and the sheet made perfectly 
clean, or better still, a piece of transpar- 
ent paper, such as thin bond paper, can be 
laid over the original pencil drawing and 
traced off onto the clean sheet. No doubt 
those who are pursuing this series have 
long before this discovered that it is al- 
most impossible to keep the sheet clean, 
and ofttimes the smut has made what 
would otherwise be a good piece of work, 
look rather dubious. This is to be ex- 
pected, and is more or less the experi- 
ence of skilled draughtsmen. One sug- 
gestion would be, as far as possible, to 
complete the work at the top of the sheet 
first, then that next lower down, etc. This 
will save rubbing over finished parts of 
the drawing. 
Another point is to see that the square 



and triangles are occasionally cleaned, as 
much of the soiling of drawings is due 
to dirt collected on these tools. In Fig. 



■Ru-llrLO, Pen. 



Tx:'vo-*T- 



"Pen? 




rv 



Triangle > 
z 



FlGv 5b. 



54 we show illustrations of the different 
drawing instruments which are necessary 
for inking. No. 1 shows a straight line 



47 



48 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



ruling pen. It is used in drawing straight 
lines and is handled in the same way 
that a pencil is used, that is, hy guiding 
it against the side of a triangle or tee 



°> rv?3. 




nn 




o 



Fka.5'4. 



square. No. 2 is called a bow pen, and 
is used in making small and medium 
sized circles. No. 3 is an attachment used 
in inking large circles. As shown, it is 
made with a joint and is designed to slip 
into the large compasses shown in our 
first chapter, taking the place of the pej 
cil attachment. Bach of these three in- 
struments is usually to be found in the 
ordinary set of drawing instruments. 

The bow pen and ruling pen are used 
constantly, and are absolutely necessary, 
while the attachment (No. 3) is made less 
use of. Common writing ink is not suit- 
able for drawing purposes, an India ink 
being necessary. The ink usually comes 
in such a bottle as shown in No. 1 in Fig. 
55. It will be observed that the stopper 
to the bottle is provided with a quill, 
which dips down into the ink. No. 2 in 
Fig. 55 will serve to illustrate the man- 
ner in which the inking instruments are 
filled with ink. The quill, which holds 
quite an amount of the ink, is touched 
lightly to the instrument, between the 
two nibs, and the ink at once flows from 
the quill and supplies the instrument, as 
the illustration shows. 

It is best not to fill the instrument too 
full, usually not more than half as full 
as No. 2 indicates, for it is liable to flow 
too rapidly from the pen, and cause bad 
work. It will be readily understood that 
the size of the line is regulated by the lit- 
tle thumbscrew with which each instru- 
ment is supplied. By screwing the nibs 
close together a fine line is made, and a 
coarse one by releasing them. By the way, 
to those who have never had any experi- 
ence in inking, a word of advice as to 
the making of lines will be of benefit. The 
beginner, nine times out of ten, endeav- 
ors to make his lines as fine as possible. 
This the experienced draughtsman does 
not do. In the first place, the instruments 
do not work as well on fine lines. Then 
again, the drawing is not so clear, and 
in erasing, the. fine lies are more liable to 
be partly rubbed out. If an illustration 
ia to be made from the drawing, a good, 
heavy line is preferable, and if blue prints 
are to be taken from the drawing, light 
lines are apt to appear dim on the print, 
especially if over-exposed. Therefore, do 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



49 



not make the mistake of getting the lines 
too fine. 

In Fig. 56 we have endeavored to show 
how the ruling pen should be held in 
drawing straight lines. It should he held 
as in No. 1, nearly straight, against the 
edge of triangle or tee square, and bear- 
ing away from it slightly, to give clear- 
ance between the triangle and the pen. 
If held as in No. 2, as beginners some- 
times do hold it, that is, with the angle 
and drawing board, the result will be that 
when the triangle is drawn away after 
the line has been made, it will draw the 
ink with it, and make a wide blot on the 
paper, as in Fig. 57. The position of the 
pen in No. 3 is wrong also, for when held 
at such an angle the ink will not flow at 
all, or if it does, the line will be a very 
poor one. 

Do not bear down hard in making ink 
lines, for the instruments if properly 
ground and properly adjusted should 
allow the ink to flow freely enough 
to make good lines, under a light pres- 
sure from the hand. Very often bearing 
on will serve to prevent the instru- 
ment from making any line whatever, 
excepting the indentation into the paper, 
and moreover, in time it will wear the 
point. Drawing ink dries very quickly, 
©amphor being used in its make-up, and 
if care is not taken it will dry on the end 
of the pen and prevent the flow of ink. 
To start the ink it is a good plan to 
press the nib of the pen flatwise on the 
board, as in No. 2, Fig. 57, and unless 
too badly stopped, two or three attempts 
will usually be enough. A little moist- 
ure on the tip of the finger will also 
serve to start the ink. A piece of cham- 
ois skin or soft cloth should always be 
at hand for cleaning the ink out of the 
pens, and they should usually be cleaned 
before putting in new ink. 

It is best always to clean the pens 
after using them, for after the ink hard- 
ens it is much more difficult. It is also 
necessary to see that the point of the 
pen does not take up pieces of lint, etc., 
for the tiniest piece on the end of the 
pen will make sorry looking work. Of 
course it will be understood that inking 
is not done on a drawing as it is being 



laid out. The drawing is laid out just 
in pencil, and then the pencil lines inked, 
or the work traced on transparent paper, 
as we have already stated. 




50 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



n <? \. 



l ^fT!TTO^>yr7.) i v y ^ T ^l^ ! T ^r? /- ; ll l! ^ :' ; 



N<?^ 




rV»3 



IS<?4-. 'N<?5. 



'n? <6 



"FI6.57. 



rV?7. 



In inking a drawing, it is very essen- 
tial that all the curves, both large and 
small, shall be inked first. It is best 
to go through the entire drawing, put- 
ting in every curve, rather than to ink 
the curves of a portion of the drawing, 
then lay the bow pens and put in a few 
straight lines, etc. After putting in the 
curves, with the tee square, put in all 
the horizontal lines, then with the tri- 
angle put in all the vertical lines, after 
which oblique lines are drawn. This sys- 
tem enables the work to be done in much 
less time than would be the case if it was 
the oblique lines are drawn. This system 
enables the work to be done in much less 
time than would be the case if it was 
done hit-a-miss. After all the lines are 
in, with a common fine pen touch up the 
little points, the curves that are too 
small to be put in with instruments, etc. 
In drawing the curves do not make the 
mistake of carrying them around beyond 



the point where the straight lines should 
join them, as in No. 3 of Fig. 57, or fail 
to run the two lines together smoothly, as 
in No. 4. No. 5 shows them run together 
smoothly, as they should be. 

The reason, by the way, for putting in 
the curved lines of a drawing first, is 
that it is much easier to make straight 
lines meet a curve than to make a curve 
connect properly into two straight lines. 

No. 6 of Fig. 57 shows two straight 
lines, the upper one being altogether too 
light and the lower one about right. In 
making dotted lines do not make them 
too coarse or too fine, as shown in the 
two upper lines of No. 7, but of medium 
length, as in the lower line. 

"We have not space for the regular ex- 
ercises in this book, but those that are 
thinking of taking up inking cannot do 
better than practise on the inking of 
some of the more simple exercises which 
have previously been given. 



CHAPTER XI 

WHILE taking up the subject of 
inking, it will be well to 
take up the shading of draw- 
ings also. This, of course, 
is not a necessity in the making of good 
drawings, at the same time it is of much 
value. A knowledge of the subject should 
be possessed by one who takes up draw- 
ing, and having it in his possession, he 
can use it or, not, according as he deems 
best. 

Shading is used to set off a drawing, 
and to make it clearer than can be done 
with the plain work such as we have used 
up to this point. It gives character to 
the drawing, and makes it more attrac- 
tive. From the manner in which the 
shading appears, it can be told at once 
whether a certain part of the drawing 
represents a projection or a hole in the 
object illustrated. Thus in Fig. 58, the 
shading of No. 1 shows that it is a solid 
piece, a rectangular block for instance. 
Now, referring to No. 3 of the same 
sketch, Q, R, S, T represents a rectangular 
figure of the same size and shape as No. 
1, but shaded in a different manner. This 
shading shows us at once that Q, R, S, T is 
a rectangular hole cut in the block M, N, 
O, P, the latter being of course shaded in 
the same manner as No. 1. 

Exactly in the same way, No. 2, shows 
by its shading a tee-shaped figure, and 
No. 4, by its different shading, shows a 
hole cut in the shape of a tee in the block 
U, V, W, X. 

Also, in Fig. 59, No. 2 shows the end 
of a solid cylinder, and No. 3, by the dif- 
ference from No. 2 in shading represents 
a cylindrical hole bored into the end of 
the block R, S, T, U. 

Light and shade is naturally dependent 
upon the manner in which the rays of 




51 



52 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



light fall upon an object, and in order to 
make the shading of drawings consistent 
and systematic, the rays of light must 
always be considered as coming from a 
given direction, and after determining 
upon the direction in which they are to 
come, it should not be changed. 

On this work, light may be assumed to 
come from the upper left hand corner of 
the .drawing board, parallel with the sur- 
face of the board, and at an angle of 45 
degrees with the horizontal and vertical 
lines of the drawing. 

These rays of light are represented by 
the arrowheads of Nos. 1 and 2 in Figs. 
58 and 59. 

Any surface which these 45-degree lines 
strike is a light surface, and one which 
they do not strike is a dark surface. The 
line of intersection of two light surfaces 
is a light line, and not shaded, but the 
line of intersection of a light and a dark 
surface, or of two dark surfaces should 
be shaded. 

Lines in the drawing which are drawn 
at 45 degrees and parallel with the rays 
of light are never shaded. Referring 
again to No. 1, of Fig. 58, it will be seen 
that light strikes the lines A B and A C, 
which are therefore light lines, but be- 
cause the object itself presents an obsta- 
cle to the further passage of light, the 
lines B D and C D are dark, and there- 
fore shaded. In the same way we can 
account for the light and heavy lines in 
No. 2. In No. 2 it will be observed that 
the arrowhead passing through the corner 
G would strike the line H K at Y. It 
will be asked why H K is not shaded 
above Y, as the lines of light do not 
strike it. According to what we have 
said on the subject, this should follow, 
but it will be seen that a line partly heavy 
and partly light would not look well, and, 
therefore, for the sake of preserving the 
system, a line of this kind and in such 
location is made light. 

Another contradiction arises of a simi- 
lar nature, in connection with Nos. 3 
and 4. 

It would rightly be argued that owing 
to the wall or shell surrounding the hole, 
no light would strike the lines represent- 
ing the rectangular hole, and therefore 
all four of those lines should be dark. 



This would not only break up the uni- 
formity of this system of shading, but 
such a course would fail to make the con- 
trast that sets out the figure as does the 




^ T~> 




W 



Pre*. 58. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



53 




method followed in Nos. 3 and 4. Compar- 
ing Nos. 1 and 3, it will be seen that lines 
shaded in the one are light in the other, 
also in the case of Nos. 3 and 4. In No. 



1 of Fig. 59, the same difficulties or ap- 
parent contradictions arise that we have 
already mentioned. In such a case as 
this, in order to preserve the uniformity 
of the system, each branch must be con- 
sidered entirely by itself, and' then there 
will be no trouble. 

In this figure, the lines A O, BO, CO, 
and D O, also the four lines, E O, F O, G O 
and H O are drawn at 45 degrees. The 
first four are drawn parallel to the direc- 
tion of the rays of light, and are there- 
fore not shaded, but in the case of the 
latter four, although drawn at 45 degrees, 
they are not parallel to the rays of light, 
and should therefore be treated as any 
other lines would. 

In the case of the shading of circles, 
the reasoning is no different from that 
followed in the shading of straight lines. 
Those rays that strike the circle on a 
tangent determine the points at which 
the shading should begin. In shading a 
circle, draw in the light circle first, then 
with the same radius take a new center 
at an angle of 45 degrees from the first 
center, the distance between the two cen- 
ters determining the width of the shade 
line at its widest point. 

In No. 2, the second center is taken 
above, and in No. 3 below the first center. 
In putting in the second circle, use the 
same size of line as in the first, and fill 
in the space between them. In Fig. 60 
we give exercises in shading, which will 
' serve to show how the principles which 
we have discussed above, are applied on 
the shading of plumbing drawings. 

In putting in the shade lines, they are 
usually drawn heavy at the outset, but it 
may possibly bs easier for beginners to 
ink their drawings in the usual way, aad 
then go over the lines to be shaded after- 
ward, making them several times heavier 
than the light lines. If those who do not 
take up the inking care to do so they may 
shade their pencil drawings by using on 
the heavy lines a very soft pencil. 

In inking shaded drawings it is custo- 
mary to put in the light horizontal lines 
first, then the heavy lines, and so with 
the vertical lines. This method will save 
the trouble of changing the adjustment on 
the pen so frequently, and will result in 
more even work. 



54 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 55 

It will be found that very often a draw- plumbing system for a cottage house, the 
ing will look better if the finer work, work being shaded. This is the first corn- 
such as the supply pipes, etc., are not plete elevation that we have given as an 
shaded, only the fixtures and larger con- elevation, but we believe that those who 
nections being thus treated. have followed foregoing instructions will 

In Fig. 61 we give the elevation of the have no difficulty in making this drawing. 



CHAPTER XIJ 



THE method of shading which we 
gave in the preceding chapter is 
easy to handle, and it certain- 
ly is of value in making the 
drawing very clear and distinct. There 
is also another method of shading, which, 
however, is much more difficult of execu- 
tion. 

This style of shading we show in Figs. 
62, 63 and 64, and in order to he able to 
use it to good effect, considerable expe- 
rience and practice is necessary. It is 
used more for ornamental purposes than 
for practical purposes, but still, no book 
on drawing would be complete without 
some attention to it. It is seldom or 
never that a drawing of any extent would 
be shaded throughout in this manner, 
but our readers will find, if they do much 
in the way of drawing, that its use will 
often be a valuable aid in showing up 
apparatus of different kinds, portions of 
plain drawings that are desired to be 
brought out with great clearness, etc. 

In the use of this shading, mere are 
exact rules that are laid down as to the 
point which should be shaded heaviest, 
as well as lightest. It will be sufficient, 
however, for our purposes to make this 
instruction very brief and to the point. 

The results seen in Nos. 1 and 2, of Pig. 
62, are obtained by giving the greatest 
shade effect to the right hand side of 
the figure, the lightest point being about 
midway, and the left hand side being 
shaded somewhat, though not so heavily 
as the right hand side. These two figures 
represent solid cylindrical figures. No. 

3, a hollow cylindrical figure is shaded in 
exactly an opposite manner, that is, with 
the heaviest shading at the left, medium 
shade effect at the right, but with the 
lightest point still near the center. No. 

4, a horizontal solid cylinder, is shaded 




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MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



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MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



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Sketch of Elevation of Hot and Cold Water Supply System For a Two-Flat House. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



59 



heavy at the bottom, and medium at the 
top, while No. 5, a horizontal hollow cyl- 
inder is shaded in an opposite manner, 
as will readily be seen. Additional ef- 
fect is gained by using tbe heavy shade 
lines as described in the preceding ar- 
ticle. 

In drawing these shade lines, the ef- 
fect of shade is gained entirely by the 
closeness of the lines together, the heavy 
shading being produced by drawing the 
lines closely together and the light shad- 
ing by giving considerable space between 
the lines, additional effect being given by 
breaking the lines as appears on most of 
the figures. The skill in doing this work 
comes from the ability to vary the spaces 
between the lines in such a manner that 
the figure will appear cylindrical at all 
points, and nowhere fiat, as it would if 
the spacing was not varied continually. 

The greater the diameter of the cylin- 
drical figure, the greater should be the 
space between lines at the lightest point. 
The proper spacing of these lines is gained 
only from practice, it being a thing that 
cannot be reached from any exact instruc- 
tions, or from measurement. 

To those who are not interested in the 
inking of drawings, we would say that 
this shading can be done also with lead 
pencil. In Fig. 63, No. 1 shows an el- 
bow shaded. The curved lines are all 
struck from the one center, and should 
be put in first, and the straight lines con- 
nected with them afterward. In shading 
branches, as Nos. 2 ard 3, the lines of 
intersection should be drawn in first, and 



the shade lines of the branch should end 
at those lines. 

Fig. 64 shows the principle of line 
shading applied to a system of piping. 

As we have already intimated, this 
work is more ornamental than otherwise, 
and a knowledge of its use will often be 
found handy. As our regular practice ex- 
ercise, we give this time, Fig. 65, an ele- 
vation of the hot and cold water supply 
system for a two-flat house, and have 
shown the lines of pipe as single lines, 
the cold pipes being represented by solid 
lines, and the hot by dotted lines. This 
method is often preferable to using two 
parallel lines to show the pipe, as it is 
simpler to draw, takes less time, and often 
shows off the work fully as clearly. It 
will be understood that our illustrations 
being designed for reproduction as cuts in 
a paper, have to be drawn in black ink. 
Under ordinary conditions, different col- 
ored inks could be used to advantage, 
however. For instance, instead of dot- 
ting the hot water pipes, as we have to 
in this case to make our distinction from 
the cold water, the hot water pipe might 
be put in with solid red lines, with good 
effect. If desirable, a back air system 
might be put in with one color, while a 
different color was used on the drainage 
part of the work. 

Sometimes, also, it is required to make 
a drawing in which part of the work is 
old work, and the rest new work. In this 
case, one color to show the old and an- 
other to show the new, makes good work, 
and is more readily distinguished. 



CHAPTER XIII 



WE have said nothing so far 
concerning sectional draw- 
ings, but as they constitute a 
valuable aid in the clear rep- 
resentation of many kinds of work, it 
will be worth our while to devote some 
space to their consideration. From a 
comparison of Nos. 1 and 2 in Fig. 66, we 
shall be able to see wherein the value of 
sectional drawings lies. 

No. 1 represents a Fuller bibb, and 
the dotted lines represent the inside 
working parts. 

No. 2 represents the same thing, but in- 
stead of drawing a plain view as in No. 
1, the bibb is considered to be cut through 
along the center line, and the front half 
set aside. This allows a full view of 
the other half. A sectional view of the 
bibb is a view of this half section such 
as No. 2 gives, and it will be seen at once 
that the sectional view is far clearer than 
that shown by No. 1. To show that it is 
a sectional drawing, the part that is cut 
through is always sectioned or cross- 
hatched. By this is meant the parallel 
lines drawn close together, which desig- 
nate the body of the bibb. These lines 
may be drawn with either the 45 deg. or 
SO deg. triangle. Every point of any 
given piece should be sectioned in the 
same way. For instance, the inlet end 
of the bibb, which screws onto the body, 
is represented in the drawing by a sec- 
tion of metal above the center, and one 
below, both of which, being a part of the 
same piece, should be sectioned by lines 
drawn in the same direction and at the 
same angle. It is often the case that 
these sections are represented by differ- 
ent colors instead of section lines, the dif- 
ferent colors representing different pieces 
of the article in question. 

When section lines are used, and the 
different sectioned parts are in contact 



with each other, the sections of neigh- 
boring pieces must be made by reversing 
the triangle, and drawing the lines at op- 
posite angles, just as No. 2 shows. It 
will be observed that in drawing the sec- 




Y\c^.6b. 



tion the working parts have been drawn 
plain, and not in section. The idea is al- 
ways to make any drawing show the ob- 
ject it is made to represent with the 
greatest possible amount of clearness,.and 
it will be found in this case that the bibb 
is shown much more clearly by leaving 
the working parts plain, instead of sec- 



60 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



61 




"FlGi.bT. 



tioning them in the manner that the rest 
of the bibb is seen. 

No. 1 of Fig. 67 represents a sectional 
view of a certain type of water closet. In 
this case the whole section is of one piece 
only, and in such a case, a solid black 
section looks well. This could not be sec- 
tioned in this manner if there were sev- 
eral parts to be sectioned for in using a 
solid color, there would be no way of 
making a distinction between the several 
parts. In plumbing drawings it is often 
required to represent water, and we 
know of no better way than that shown 
in connection with the water closet, that 
is by horizontal light lines, made up of 
alternate dots and dashes. It will be 
observed that in a sectional view of the 
water closet, the flushing rim would be 
cut through at either end. but the main 
part of the rim, curving backward as it 
does, away from the line of sectioning, 
would be drawn in full, in the manner in 
which we show it. No. 2 represents a 



line of soil pipe underground. A full 
black section looks well on such work, 
better in fact than the section lines, 
which are really used mostly on larger 
surfaces. To distinguish the lead joints 
from the pipe, they are made with small 
dots. The concrete floor may be made 
as we have indicated, and the ground 
surrounding the pipe in an indefinite 
manner, by having short lines made with 
the drawing pen, and interspersed with 
lines made with a common pen. 

In Fig. 68 we have represented part of 
the base of a water closet, connected by 
brass flange of a certain style, with the 
lead bend; the fixture being vented from 
the bend. This we give to show the sec- 
tion of several different materials brought 
together on the same drawing. 

It is a common thing with draughts- 
men, to use certain different styles of sec- 
tion for different metals, especially in 
the drawings of machines, but for our 
use this is unnecessary, the main point 
being the use of such styles of sectioning 
as will clearly distinguish the different 
parts of the same drawing, one from the 
other. Thus in Fig. 68 the crockery is 
shown in section by dot and dash lines, 
the rubber gaskit by a fine dotted sur- 
face, the brass flange by 45 deg. section 
lines, the solder sections by 45 deg. lines 
drawn in the opposite directions, the lead 
by solid black surface, and the wood by 
lines representing the grain of wood. It 
will be noticed that the back air pipe is 
in sections only a short distance up, after 




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62 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




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Fie». 69. 



which it is drawn in the usual way. This 
is often the case, and a division between 



the sectioned and unsectioned parts is 
made by an irregular section, as shown. 

Another point which will be of value to 
the plumber in making drawings of dif- 
ferent fixtures, fittings, etc., is the mak- 
ing of threads. This we show in Fig. 69. 
No. 1 represents a right-hand V thread. 
The tool that is used in cutting this kind 
of thread is sharpened or ground on its 
cutting point at an angle of 60 aeg. Con- 
sequently, in drawing the threads they_ 
are made at this same angle. If it is de- 
sired to do this work with exactness, the 
number of threads to the inch is first 
found, eight being the number used in 
our illustration. 

The upper line is then laid off into 
one-eighth inch spaces and the lower line 
also, the latter, however, being spaced 
one-half space or one-sixteenth in this 
case, in advance of the upper spaces. 
This is to give a pitch to the thread, for 
otherwise the thread would be straight 
up and down. 

Having laid out the spaces, put in the 
Vs, using for this purpose the 30 deg. 
triangle. 

All the lines sloping in one direction 
and first put in, and then the triangle is 
reversed and the lines pointing the oppo- 
site way drawn in. 

The outside and inside points are then 
connected by straight lines. No. 2 shows 
a left-hand thread. The layout for both 
is the same, the distinction between right 
and left hand threads being gained by 
properly connecting the long cross lines. 

Nos. 3 and 4 show the two kinds of 
thread drawn in a vertical position, and 
No. 5 shows a method often used for in- 
dicating a thread, where it is not desired 
to use so much time as is necessary in 
laying out a regular thread. 

No. 6 shows a sectional view of a 
threaded piece, and No. 7 a sectional 
view of a hollow piece threaded on the 
outside. Naturally, in a sectional view, 
the lines connecting the top and bottom 
of the threads are not seen, the V only 
being shown. 

Owing to lack of space, we omit the 
regular exercise for this article, and 
would advise in its place, practice on sec- 
tions and threads. 



CHAPTER XIV 



AFTER having in the last few 
articles diverged somewhat from 
the line that we had been follow- 
ing, we will in this article take 
up again the consideration of complete 
elevations of plumbing work. In Fig. 
70 we gives the floor plan of a three- 
flat apartment house. As each of the 
three floors are identical in their layout, 
the one floor plan is all that is required 



the work with as great clearness as is to 
be desired. 

For instance, if a side view of the entire 
system were to be made, that is, a view 
taken by looking in the direction in which 
the arrow A points, the bath-room work 
would show plainly, in fact to its best 
advantage, but the 1 pantry sink coming in 
front of the range boiler would tend to 
complicate and confuse the drawing of 




YlGvTQ, 



in this line, as it answers for all. In ad- 
dition Fig. 71 shows the cellar plan for 
the same work, the drainage pipes only 
being shown, however, as in this work 
we have no use for other details. 

A careful study of the floor plan will 
show that the arrangement of the plumb- 
ing is such that no one view of the whole 
plumbing system will show all parts of 



each of the two fixtures, and the same 
thing would be true of the kitchen fix- 
tures. At this latter point the kitchen 
sink, wash trays and refrigerator would 
each stand in line with the other, if 
viewed in the direction of the arrows, A 
and C, and the drawing resulting from 
such a view would be so confused, owing 
to the many lines, that it could hardly 



63 



64 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



be understood, even from careful study. 
In fact, the refrigerator would hide the 
other fixtures from view, and if shown 
at all, the sink and wash trays with their 
connections would have to be shown by 
dotted lines. Then again, the main lines 
cf waste and back air serving the kitchen 
fixtures would also come in line with each 
other, and this as we already know, does 
not make the drawing any clearer. Conse- 
quently, conditions being as they are, it 
is advisable to make separate elevations 
of the different parts of the work. 

An elevation of the kitchen work can 
be shown to best advantage by taking a 



bottom. The only additional point that 
the view of the remainder of the waste 
would show is the connection of the verti- 
cal and horizontal lines through Y branch 
and bend, with cleanout. The line of 
pantry sinks is shown in elevation in Fig. 
73, and this view is takan from a direc- 
tion exactly opposite to the direction of 
the arrow B. A sid- view might have 
been taken of this part of the work, our 
reason for choosing the one shown, being 
to bring out a point concerning the main 
lines of vent and waste. In Fig. 73 they 
are one behind the other, the vent being 
in front. Being of the same diameter, 




front elevation of it, that is, by viewing 
the work from the direction in which the 
arrow B points. 

The refrigerator line can also be includ- 
ed in this elevation, which we show in 
Fig. 72. 

It will be seen that we have not shown 
the fixtures and connections of the kit- 
chen work on the second floor. Nothing 
is to be gained by showing this part of 
the elevation, as it is identical with the 
work on the third floor, and it is omitted 
for the sake of economizing space. For 
this same reason we have not shown the 
full line of waste to the point where it 
enters the horizontal line on the cellar 



TV. 

one hides the other, so that wherever 
the vent line runs, only a part of the 
hubs on the waste can show. If it had 
not been for bringing out . this point we 
should have chosen a side view of this 
work. Just as in Fig. 72, we have omit- 
ted the second floor work. 

Sometimes it is advisable to show in 
connection with an elevation, the hori- 
zontal line in the cellar. On these two 
elevations we have omitted it, however, 
and for two reasons. 

In the first place, this additional work 
would make our illustrations take up 
more space than we wish to devote to 
them, and then again, by reference to the 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



65 



cellar plan, a perfectly clear idea can be 
gained of this part of the work, which 
would make its appearance on the eleva- 
tion somewhat superfluous. 

In the following chapter we shall show 



an elevation of work in the bath room. 
The four illustrations in this chapter 
will make good practice work, but it will 
probably be advisable to draw them on a 
larger scale, perhaps double size. 




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FlQi.73. 



CHAPTER XV 



IN the preceding chapter we showed 
elevations of the work of a three- 
flat apartment building, including 
the kitchen fixtures, pantry sinks 
and refrigerators. Owing to lack of 
space we omitted the elevation of the 
bath room work, and this we now show in 
Fig. 74. 

In showing an elevation of the three- 
flat apartment work, we brought out the 



To clearly demonstrate this point, we 
show in Fig. 75 a floor plan of the same 
work that we showed in connection with 
the work of the preceding article, the lay- 
out of the floor plan being identical, and 
the only difference being a change in the 
location of the sink and laundry tubs 
to another side of the kitchen. Now then, 
in Fig. 76 we give an elevation of the 
entire plumbing work of the apartment 




Fi^.75. : 



point that it often occurs that a complete 
elevation of the plumbing work of any ex- 
tent cannot be shown to the best advan- 
tage by taking a view of all parts of the 
work from one direction, and that it is 
often best, and indeed almost necessary 
to a clear understanding of the drawing, 
to make separate „ views of different sec- 
tions of the work, viewing each section 
from the most advantageous position. 



shown in Fig. 75. It will be observed 
that in order to obtain this elevation the 
work must be viewed looking in the direc- 
tion in which the arrow B points. In 
this particular layout of the work the en- 
tire elevation is clearly shown from one 
view, and it does not become necessary 
to make separate elevations of the differ- 
ent lines of fixtures viewed from differ- 
ent directions. It is somewhat unusual 



66 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



67 




to find a layout that can be handled in 
this way, of work of such extent, but 
whenever possible, this course should be 
followed. A glance at Fig. 75 will show 
that while the bath room and kitchen fix- 



tures are on a line with each other, or 
very nearly so, the pantry sink and re- 
frigerator are off at one side, but at the 
same time are so located as to show to 
advantage in the elevation. However, 



68 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



there is nothing in the elevation to show 
that the refrigerator occupies a position 
in front of the bath room and kitchen fix- 
tures, and nothing to show this point in 
relation to the pantry sink excepting the 
fact that the waste and vent stacks serv- 
ing the pantry sink cross the pipes of the 
other fixtures in -front of them. Further- 
more, even this latter fact is of little im- 
portance, for it does not show how far in 
front the pantry sink is. To ascertain 
this fact, and the location of the refriger- 
ator, we must look to a plan of the work, 
that is, to Fig. 75. This goes to show 
that from no single view can all the facts 
relating to the work he found, and this is 
true of the most simple, object we can 
think of. For instance, we can place a 
board directly in front of us, and at once 
observe its length and its width, but in 
order to know its thickness, we must 
look down upon its edge, in order to get 
at its thickness. This is a most im- 
portant fact to understand thoroughly, 
and a proper understanding of this feature 
of the work will go a long way to aid in 
understanding just how important to each 
other the plan and the elevation are, and 
why one is as necessary as the other. 

Thus far we have been speaking of the 
elevation shown in Fig. 76, which is taken 
looking in the direction of arrow B. Now 
suppose we had viewed the work from 
the direction of arrow A. We should get 
the result shown in Fig. 77, which to say 
the least is very unsatisfactory to a clear 
understanding of the work. Looking in 
the direction of A, the fixtures in the bath 
room, and in the kitchen are one behind 
the other, and as they must be shown in 
this way on the elevation, the result is 
very confusing and of little value as com- 
pared with the elevation of the same 
work shown in Fig. 76. If the kitchen 
fixtures had been shown in this elevation 
(Fig. 77) the confusion of lines would 
have been still greater. Even the bath 
trap shows very poorly, and as for show- 
ing the vent from this trap, it is almost 
impossible to do so clearly in this view. 
The only way in which it could be done 
with even a moderate amount of success 
is to work out the view on a much larger 
scale than is practicable. We believe 



that these remarks will give an idea to 
the student of the importance of selecting 
the right direction from which to view 
the different sections of the work. 




MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



69 



As far as practice work on this article 
is concerned the student will do well to 
take as his exercises Figs. 74 and 75 and, 
if he chooses, Fig. 76 also, but he should 
work on a scale of about twice the size 
of the drawings which we show. 



It is not our intention to present Fig. 
77 as a practice exercise. As we have 
mentioned previously, if the student is 
inking his drawings, he should remember 
to draw in his curved lines before doing 
anything with the straight lines. 




"Vt.-rt.-t 4xoTTt- 2>-aA,*ru Tl-rajp 



CHAPTER XVI 



ONE of the most important benefits 
to be derived from a knowledge 
of drawing as applied to the 
plumber, is the ability to take 
a, set of plans and from those plans 
make views of the work indicated, 
as it will actually appear. We do 
not mean to infer that every plan of 
ordinary work will receive this attention 



nection with the drawing from house 
plans, the figuring of stock on the same 
work. 

In Figs. 78, 79 and 80 we show respec 
tively the cellar plan, first floor and sec- 
ond floor plans of a double house. We 
do not present these plans as finished 
architectural plans, for we appreciate 
that many minor details of house con- 




Fig. 78— Cellar Plan, Double House. 

from the plumber who is able to make 
such drawings, but even though he 
should seldom put his knowledge of the 
subject into actual use, the insight he has 
gained concerning the relation of plans 
and elevations will help him wonderfully 
in the figuring of work. This leads us to 
state that we shall soon take up in con- 



struction are omitted, our aim being to 
present chiefly the details necessary to 
the plumber. It will be good practice 
for the student to draw up these plans 
on a larger scale. We have not drawn 
them at any given scale, but when we 
come to the figuring of work, a definite 
scale will be necessary. From the cellar 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



71 




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72 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



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Fig. 8 1 .—Elevation of Double House. 

plan, Fig. 78, the main drain and 
branches and risers with their respective 
sizes can he found. From Fig. 81, which 
shows the elevation of the house, can be 
found the total height of the building, 
the distance between floors, the pitch of 
the roof, etc. Thus far, such a view as 
that given in Fig. 81, we have made little 
use of, but in scale drawings such as we 
must use in figuring work, it is of as 
much importance as the preceding views, 
for only from the elevation can the 
lengths of risers, etc., be obtained. From 
the two floor plans, it will be noticed that 



the plumbing is so arranged that there 
are four groups of fixtures. Each set of 
kitchen fixtures is separate from the oth- 
er, with its own stack, while the two lav- 
atories in the toilet rooms enter one 
stack, and the two bath rooms also one 
stack. In Fig. 82 we give the elevation 
of the work on one of the kitchen stacks. 
As the other kitchen work is the same, 
it is not necessary to show bath. The 
connection of the kitchen stack with the 




Elevation of Plumbing: in Kitchen. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



73 




Fig:. 83.— Elevation of Plumbing- in Toilet 

Room, 
horizontal line in the cellar we show en- 
larged in size in Fig. 85 of our next arti- 



cle. In order to economize space we show 
the stack cut off with broken lines on the 
second floor and in the attic, and bring 
the roof and attic floor and attic floor 
and second floor closer together than the 
work below. This is often done where it 
is desired to save space. In Fig. 83 is 
given the elevation of the toilet room 
work, the figure showing the two lavator- 
ies back to back, and the stack going up 
in the partition. That this stack does 
pass up in the partition is shown from 
the location of this stack in the two floor 
plans. As there is in the cellar a stone 
or brick wall dividing the cellar space, 
and as this wall is directly beneath the 
partition above, it will be seen that an 
offset in the stack is necessary at the first 
floor. 

The conneciion of the toilet room stack 
is shown in enlarged detail in Fig. 86 of 
our next article. 

It will be quickly seen by the student 
that the clearest view of the toilet room 
work can be obained by viewing it from 
the direction of the arrow C in Fig. 79. 
A view taken at right angles to this would 
show one lavatory behind the other, and 
the result of such view would not be 
nearly as clear as the one given. 

In the view shown by Fig. 83 the Y 
branch into which the waste of the two 
fixtures is carried, points toward the 
front instead of sidewise, and shows in 
the manner given. 

In getting Fig, 82 the work was viewed 
looking in the direction in which arrow 
A points in Fig. 79. This shows the two 
fixtures side by side, and not one in front 
of the other. We shall consider the bath 
room work and the enlarged details of 
special parts of this work in the next 
chapter. 



CHAPTER XVII 



IN Fig. 84 of this article is shown the 
elevation of the bath room work 
as located in the second floor plan 
of double house (Fig. 80) of the 
preceding chapter. 

This view is taken looking in the direc- 
tion in which the arrow B points in Fig. 
80. Any other view of the work would 
show the fixtures one behind the other, 
and would make a very confused and in- 
distinct drawing. 



"KAt_"h._-n. Sta-cVS-^ 

ta-il 05 Co ____s.c- 
tioT- at "Foot 0$ 
"&it <___«_ __ta.cK 




C_lla_r Wa.1l 



Fig. 85. 

The only disadvantage In viewing the 
work as we have, is that the bath room 
fixtures on the other side of the house 
come directly behind those shown in our 
drawing, and therefore cannot be repre- 
sented. In this case, however, it is not 
essential that more than one of the two 
sets of fixtures should be shown, for the 
two are exactly alike, and no additional 
benefit is to be derived from showing the 
rest of this work. 

The connection of the bath room stack 
into the main drain in the cellar is shown 
enlarged in Fig. 86. 

As in the case of the toilet room stack 
of our last article the location of the bath 



room stack, on the two floor plans, shows 
that it must be offset on the first floor, to 
get around the dividing wall. While it ia 
impossible on the drawing itself to show 
that a double T Y is used for the two wa- 
ter closets, and a double Y for the other 



j3a_t__i- "RoprcL 
t.a.11 ofCoTUtt.fc.Cr 

tioxL a.t Toot. 03 * 
"Ba_t.li- "R.oo-33- 

Sta.cS. 



lQCL-3L.i»-r-_ 

\ "DXSL-LTC-. 





Cl_ei.__ov__ 



To_\fct 

"__oom 




_Dxa-__L 



"E, _x _&.■_: d£.__ "D t"t3L VL 
oV Cor_iz_fcc."t_o-r_. a_t 
3?oot. 04 Toiltt- 

_r__oo_xi. ^taucK 



Fig" .86. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



75 



fixtures, it will be noticed that these mat- 
ters are made known by lettering on the 
room fixtures is carried into the attic be- 
fore entering the main stack, instead of 
entering it in the bath room. This is 
often done and even required in some 
cities, to provide means of properly vent- 
ing fixtures that may be installed above 



at some future time, as may be required. 
Now let us turn our attention to the 
enlarged details of special parts of the 
work, as shown in Pigs. 85, 86 and 87. It 
often happens that drawings drawn on a 
small scale, such as we must use in our 
illustrations of these articles, cannot 
show fully enough certain details, and in 



-R-005- 




A.t\Ac 



0-u.tsicX.tANrsLll 







Fig-. 84.— Illustration Showing Elevation of Plumbing in a Bath Room. 



76 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 







SLt "FTOTCt CtUa-x' WaJl\. 



Fig;. 8T. 



I 1 







"Frox^-t 




Mechanical Drawing- for Plumbers.— Fig. 89 Shows a T Y With Lead Bend Entering: it. 



such a case, it is customary to show a 
special drawing of such part of the work 
enlarged. 

In the case of Fig. 85, the horizontal 
line runs so close up to the cellar wall 
that there is no chance to use an end 
cleanout, and a horizontal cleanout must 



be used. As so often happens in an archi- 
tect's plans, this cleanout has not been 
shown on the cellar plan, as it should be. 
This simply shows that wherever detail 
drawings are given they should be given 
full attention. 

Concerning Fig. 86, all there is to be 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



77 



said is that this foot connection cannot 
be shown on a cellar plan with any de- 
gree of clearness, and it is necessary 
either to give a detail or to show the con- 
nection on the respective elevations. 

Regarding Fig. 87, it will be seen on 
referring to the cellar plan, Fig. 78 of the 
preceding article, that on this plan the 
fresh air inlet would show directly above 
the main drain, and therefore to show 
clearly an elevation of this part of the 
work must be given. 

It will be good practice for the student 
to work out all the work shown in this 
chapter. 



en 




Fig. 84 can be shown twice as large as 
given, but the remaining sketches can be 
drawn up in the same size as we present 
them. 

We might add here, that in working up 
his drawings, the student would do well 
to practice lettering, following the style 
of lettering used on our illustrations, for 
it is a fact that a man may make a fine- 
looking drawing and spoil its entire ap- 
pearance by poor lettering. 



tn 





t 




Fig. 88o 



Fig. 90. 



-Main Stack and Vent Entering; 
in Two Positions. 



CHAPTER XVIII 



FOR the work on this chapter and 
the one following, we propose to 
take up the plumbing of a resi- 
dence, and show it in full, be- 
lieving as we do, that this branch of 
the work is fully as important to the 
plumber as any that we have taken up. 
For this purpose we show a full set of 
plans for such a residence, Fig. 1 repre- 
senting the cellar plan, Figs, 2 and 3 and 
4 the floor plans, and Fig. 5 the front 
view or elevation. 

In this and the following chapter we 
shall show separate elevations of the dif- 
ferent stacks, in each case taking these 








of "Rbsiuekce. 

views from the most advantageous point 
of view, and before leaving the subject 
of the plumbing for this residence, we 
shall show a single elevation of the en- 
tire work of the house, taken from one 
view point. Now in Fig. 6 we shew an 
elevation of the work in the kitchen on 
the first floor, and the laundry in the 
cellar. These fixtures. are so located that 
they can be shown to advantage in the 
one view, which is obtained by viewing 
the work from the direction of the arrow 
B, which appears on both cellar and first 
floor plan. 

Instead of using up valuable space in 
showing floors above the first floor, and 



7S 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



;& 








also the roof, in order to show the roof 
connection for this stack, and also for the 
one in Fig. 7 we show by a note how they 
are to be run. 

Fig. 7 represents an elevation of the 
water closet located in the cellar, and the 
toilet room located on the first floor. The 
stack serving the toilet room passes up 
on one of the cellar piers, as shown by 
the cellar plan, and this fact is also 
shown on the elevation. The stack is run 
on the first floor through the closet, and 
also through closet on the two floors 
above. This stack is designated on the 
several floor plans as stack B. Now if the 
student will measure with his dividers 
from the side of the first floor plan (Fig. 
2) to the center of this stack, and then 
do the same thing on the second floor 
plan (Fig. 3) he will find that on the 
latter the stack is located further to the 
left. This is in order that the stack may 
be run in a convenient place, and at once 
shows that at the second floor the stack 







Yxd, 






80 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



must be offset toward the right. A 
glance at the third floor plan will show 
the location of B is the same as on the 
second plan, showing that from the latter 
point it runs straight up. 
The work shown in Fig. 7 is obtained 



water closet wastes, would appear end- 
wise instead of giving a clear view from 
the side, as it now does. However, in 
taking the view as we have, it brings the 
lavatory in the toilet room behind the 
water closet, and the main vent line be- 



4:" <a_t- 3xcL 41oot: C fcA."Li--n_ £5. 







by viewing it in the direction of the arrow 
F, which appears in the cellar and first 
floor plans. The reason for choosing this 
direction instead of one at right angles 
to it, is that in the latter the 4-inch pipe 
under the cellar bottom, into which the 



hind the main stack, but this is not a 
serious matter in the least, for wnerever 
hidden, as in this case, the work can be 
shown by dotted lines. Fig. 5, which we 
shall use later on, gives all necessary 
vertical dimensions, the several floors be- 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



SI 



ing represented by the letters E, F, G, 
and H, and the points on the roof where 
the several stacks come up being shown 
by the letters A, B, C, and D. This latter 
information will be valuable in figuring 



stack, as the vertical runs of pipe can 
be found by noting at what heights the 
stacks come through the roof. 

We would advise the student to practice 
on all the work shown in illustrations. 



Sta^cK. isvuLSt- lot, oJ$ stt J_J - ^Ti5^-a-o"K- caLTxitSL 



t,o lfc$X oyz. StcotrLd. j-loor, 
3LS §la.ovjxL £>y locaL-tloon^-^ 
o\ xi^Lts o:n_ 1st. a_Tx3L 's.Ti.a 



TLoiYtX 







CoTt-C.TCt.'ti/ 



*£\XXfcB^ £»J^LD C"E»X_»Xu£^R. "WajTIES. CLOSET. 



CHAPTER XIX 



TO complete the elevations showing 
the plumbing work of the resi- 
dence which was taken up in 
the chapter preceding this, we 
have prepared Figs.- 8, 9 and 10. Fig. 9 



the method shown in the elevations of the 
last article. While in this series our 
chief attention is given to the matter of 
drawing, it is our intention also to show 
work of varied nature, hence the two 



shows the elevation of the two lavatories methods mentioned above. 




Tis. 9 






served by stack G on the second and third 
floors. In this elevation we have shown 
the main line of back air pipe connected 
at its lower end, back into the stack, 
which makes a better piece of work than 



The only other point in connection with 
Fig. 8 that we wish to bring out is the 
view which is obtained of the two lava- 
tory traps. The view of these two fix- 
tures is taken in the direction of the 



82 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



83 



arrow "I*" which shows in Figs. 3 and 4. 
Viewed from this direction, the traps 



<-SLoo 5 







/ 

I_»a_\raJLo-r\r 
"uriffc. IR-Sltc- 
*-D\t lba.cK. 
aor^d., t,Tj.d-. 



TSJ 




Txa.]g , 




"Fig. 8. E.T-/E.vi\.T:icm or 
'Z-tx-d. i^Mis 5rd Fi_.ooa 



do not stand so that their full shape ap- 
pears, but as shown in Fig. 8. While 
strictly adhering as a general thing to 
the exact appearance of an object of this 
nature in our work, it will often be found 
of advantage to depart from this rule, 
and in such a case as this, to show the 
shape of the trap. Instead of showing 
the two bath rooms on the second and 
third floors in one elevation, we show each 
separately in Figs. 9 and 10. This is 
done simply to save space. The third 
floor or servants' bath room is viewed 
along the direction of arrow M in Fig. 4, 
which gives us a very clear view of the 
work. In this view the main back air 
line stands in front of the main stack, 
and we attach a note showing where the 
connection of the former with the latter 
may be found. In the same way we 
show a note on Fig. 5 indicating where 
the upper connection between these two 
lines of pipe may be seen. As this shows, 
a note of this kind may often take the 
place of the drawing itself. The view 
shown by Fig. 10 is taken along arrow 




Ftcs.W 



C-E.-UI-A.B. 1t?3_.-V£L ' OF 

COTTAGE HouSE< 



84 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



M in Fig. 3, and as compared with. Fig. 
9, does not show the worK so clearly, al- 
though to the best advantage considering 
the relative locations of tnose fixtures. 
In our next article we shall show one 
complete elevation of the entire work of 
this residence, from which comparison 
may be made as to clearness of view and 
distinct understanding of the work, with 
the method of showing the same work in 
separate elevations, as we have just done. 
We believe that we have reached a point 



be shown to the best possible advantage. 

We have shown the piping in the cellar 
as a single line, and it would be well to 
elaborate this part of the work in re- 
drawing the cellar plan, showing the 
piping by double lines, as we have gen- 
erally done in our previous drawings, and 
showing all fittings. 

As will be seen from these plans, the 
plumbing of the house consists of the 
wash trays in the cellar, the kitchen and 
pantry sinks on the first floor, and the 



'3 § 9 9 -for. Coxi.Txe.c- 
o4 ^ma.t^ Vtrut "_>vri/«_ 
m.a.i-». Sta.(_V. 3.t»ovt 

.itioru » 





Tn_a__-_n_ "V-_.-n_t. 1_i.-ri_fc. Co-sn_Tn_fc.c_tt.d_ 
.0 TO__v. : 



Yx<o. \0 "_- 1 3_.r_^riVTXOT<t 0"F 35_v_r-iV_ 

OTM c.T_E>. TTx-OO-EL.. 



Room 



now where the student of this series of 
articles will have had enough experience 
to enable him to go ahead and work out 
the proper views of a simple plumbing 
system with little help from the writer. 

To this end we submit Figs. 11, 12, 13 
and 14, showing the cellar and floor plans 
and front elevation of a cottage house. 
It is expected that after drawing up these 
plans on a larger scale the student will 
make the necessary views by which the 
entire plumbing system of the house may 



three bathroom fixtures on the second 
floor. Show on this work, roof connec- 
tions and increase of size of stack where 
necessary, also connection of main vent 
into stack if the work is to be so con- 
structed. Also show the work at the 
front cellar wall clearly. We would ad- 
vise including the wash trays and kitchen 
sink in one elevation, and the bath room 
fixtures and pantry sink in another. The 
student must use his judgment in select- 
ing the right point for viewing each part 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



85 




"Fi^.lZ 



YlRST YlOOR P-L.iVSSL 




of tlie work so that the drawing will 
show the work as clearly as possible. 

The elevation of the house shown in 
Fig. 14 shows by the letters A and B just 
how high up on the roof the two stacks 
come through, and by the letters C, D, E, 
and F the several floors. 

Such work as this, we believe, will be 
of the greatest benefit to any man follow- 
ing this series, and we believe that if he 
has followed carefully what has gone be- 
fore, in the preceding chapters, he can 
handle the work without much difficulty. 





S-ELCOTtD Fl_.OOR. "PlUfOS: 

or Cottage, "£Lci\j s"e> 






CHAPTER XX 



IN Fig. 105 we present the elevation 
mentioned in the preceding chap- 
ter. As will be clearly seen, this 
one elevation shows the entire 
plumbing system for the residence, which 
we have been considering in the last two 



: 





1 


I 1° 

li 

ll 
'1 

'1 

II 

|! 

, I 


O 

3 


A. °l 


1 

1 ' 

l! 
II 
II 

;i 


o £ 




'l 




.- — J J 









Ttl6. \06. 
"Root Pla.vi 
of Re, s iiD^Tsr ce, 

articles, and has been obtained viewing 
the work from the left-hand side of the 
house. We have chosen to view this 
work from the side mentioned rather 
than from the front of the house, prin- 
cipally for the reason that a view taken 
in the latter direction would show the 



main line of soil pipe in the cellar on 
end, whereas in the present view it ap- 
pears in such a way as to show it length- 
wise. The reader will see very clearly 
that about all that could be seen of the 
main line from the front position would 



C.l "R.Ax"b 



SlCLfc.t.t 

Copptrc 

fc.ttaCtol5.-u.TD. 




"5Lt.^cL 




Fts.\07. 

be the end of the pipe, and that in such 
a view none of its length would be seen. 
However, it is seldom that a view of a 
system of plumbing of the extent of 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



87 



this one can be taken from any one direc- 
tion so that all parts of the work will 
show to the best advantage. 

For instance, in the elevation shown 
by Fig. 105, in the main lines of vent 
pipe serving the fixtures connecting into 
stacks C and D, appear behind these 
stacks, and as the main vents in these 



zontal branches in the Cellar, Which con- 
nect into the main line for soil pipe. 
In Fig. 105 we get simply the end view 
of these two horizontal branches, and 
the horizontal branch into the main line 
from stack D running at an angle as it 
does, has to be shown as our illustra- 
tion gives it. The fresh air inlet does 




two cases are the same size as the stacks not show to the best advantage in Fig. 

they cannot be seen. To get around this 105, and neither does the offset on 

point we have shown these two lines a stack A. 

little to one side of the stacks. This is The two bath rooms probably show to 

not strictly according to the letter, but better advantage in this view than would 

as it results in a clearer showing of this be possible if it were taken . from any 

part of the work, it is admissible. other direction. 

Stacks B and (7, as will be seen from A glance at the front elevation of this 

Fig. 91 of a preceding chapter, enter hori- residence, Fig. 95, will show the shape of 



88 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



the roof and the points on the roof where 
the stacks come up. 

A comparison with the roof shown in 
Fig. 105 will show that the stack B and 
G pass through the flat portion of the 
roof, while the stacks A and D pass 
through the roof on the pitch. 

Having considered in a brief way, these 
several points concerning Pig. 105, we be- 
lieve that our readers will agree with us 
that excepting under favorable conditions 



that such a view as Fig. 105 is prefer- 
able for some reason or other to separate 
elevations, so we must take the matter 
into consideration in connection with this 
work. 

We do not think it would be advisable 
to take Fig. 105 as a practice exercise by 
our students, their attention being placed 
to better advantage on work that they 
will have more use for. 

Our mention of the several points at 



TJ 



^"Lfc.a-cL "RA-n.^ 







~R_oo 



Fig. 108. 

the work of such a system as the one 
shown in our illustration is shown more 
clearly and to better advantage by mak- 
ing separate elevations of different parts 
of the work, viewing the several parts 
from the most advantageous position, 
rather than to show it all in one eleva- 
tion. However, it sometimes happens 








D 



^S 







which the stacks pass through the roof 
brings to mind the fact that a roof plan 
is sometimes very useful in showing this 
location. We therefore present Fig. 106 
as a roof plan of the residence, of which 
we have been showing plans and eleva- 
tions. This plan shows the exact loca- 
tion of the four stacks, A, B, C and D. 

While dealing with this part of the 
work it will be well to take up the sub- 
ject of roof connections, and to that end 
we show several methods of doing this 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



89 



work, in Figs. 107, 108 and 109. The two 
roof flanges or shoes, shown in Fig. 107 
and the upper one in Fig. 108, are patent 
devices, and in the case of the two first 
mentioned, we have shown sectional 
views, to better represent them. The 
other connection of Fig. 108 shows a 
roof connection made from ordinary sheet 
lead. In Fig, 109 we have shown two 



methods of roof connection for flat roofs, 
those preceding having been or pitch 
roofs. The upper method shows a patent 
flange, while the other gives a method 
for using sheet lead. 

Figs. 107, 108 and 109 will give the 
student good practice work, and we ad- 
vise in connection with it the making of 
sectional views, such as we have given. 



CHAPTER XXI 



A PROBLEM which brings in a few 
points not heretofore covered by 
the work which we have taken up, 
is that of a six-flat apartment 
building. This style of building, laid out 
after the style which we show, is very 
common, and the six-flat building will 



all three floors, as the plumbing of each 
is identical. 

In the cellar plan is shown in addition 
to the main drain and branch lines to the 
kitchen stacks, the rain leaders, the cel- 
■ lar drainage and sub-soil drainage sys- 
tems, and the drip sinks which are pro- 



"R.a.T--ri. Xjfca^3-fcTC 




MELVHT HOOSE. 



serve to show equally well what would 
be found in buildings containing a larger 
number of apartments. 

Figs. 110 and 111 give respectively the 
cellar plan and floor plan of the building 
in question, one floor plan serving for 



vided to receive the drip from the refrig- 
erator lines. 

Most plumbing ordinances, by the way, 
require that a sink used for such pur- 
poses shall be supplied with water. This 
of course is done, so that during the 



90 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



91 



winter months when the refrigerators 
may possibly not be in use, the danger 
of the evaporation of the seal in the sink 
trap may be lessened. As to the sub-soil 
drainage, in some sections of the country 
it is hardly ever used, but in others, 
where there is a damp soil, nearly every 
house or building must be supplied with 
it. The dotted lines showing the sub- 
soil drain represent porous tile with loose 
joints, and it will be noticed that this 
drain is carried into the well formed 
for the cellar drainage. Other lines of 



the work. Probably most of our readers 
will agree that in figuring such a job as 
this one, it would be the easiest thing in 
the world to forget to figure in the Y 
branch and bend making up this offset. 
With a drawing, even if it is not elabor- 
ately drawn, this and a score of other lit- 
tle points are brought to one's attention, 
and "forgetting to figure" fittings, etc., 
will not happen so often. 

Probably by this time those of our 
readers who have been carefully preserv- 
ing this book will see at a glance that the 




S\*. FLKT NPf\RTMENT HOUSE 



sub-soil drain may be run out into the 
center of the cellar if desired. 

In Fig. 112 is shown an elevation of 
the plumbing work of the kitchens. As 
will be seen from the floor plan, the 
kitchens belonging to the two apartments 
on each floor are at opposite ends of the 
building, and therefore require separate 
stacks, and as these stacks run in re- 
cesses in the wall, they require offsetting 
below the first floor, as we show. This 
matter of the offset will perhaps show in 
a slight way the benefit of a drawing of 



elevation of Fig. 112 is taken looking in 
the direction of the "arrow G in Fig. 111. 
This brings the stack and the vent line 
one behind the other, and for that reason 
the work does not show as clearly as 
might be desired. The vent line it will 
be noticed, does not connect at its foot 
back into the stack, but as shown, ends in 
a hub ferrule, to which the two fixture 
vents connect. 

To be brief and to the point, we show 
in Fig. 112, and also in Fig. 113, only the 
work on the lower, and upper floors, and 



9! 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



instead of showing the stacks passing 
through the roof, simply designate that 
point by an accompanying note. 



LTO.cr£a_stcL to 4-" 

t.'rj.-ro-ULGri. -coojf. 




"Pl\i--m."bvx-.6 sajrn.t a.*. 
o:n- -t.ln_-i.-t fi£ i"Loot:. 







C-0 3TL-rz-£.ct.t.3L "to 1\_Oi- 
■f cv.-n.a_ Vq "bt.-n.a-. 



Fvc. \\z. 



E.\_e.vfs~r\orA of 



In Fig. 113 we show an elevation of the 
bath room work of the apartment build- 
ing under consideration. On this work, 
the bath rooms on each side of the house 
are served by a single stack, as our draw- 
ing shows. 

It will be observed that this view of 
the work is obtained by looking upon it 
from the rear (see arrow F). As we saw 
in the case of the kitchen stacks, the 
bathroom stack runs up through the wall, 
and of necessity must be offset in order 
to lead into the main drain. In this 
drawing, the main line of vent appears in 
front of the stack, and therefore shows 
plainly. Just below the first floors two 
lines of vent are connected into the main 
vent, these pipes being the vents from 
the refrigerator drip sinks in the cellar. 
The work shown in all four drawings of 
this chapter are given the student for 
practice work, which will be found easier 
if made on a larger scale. We have said 
but little on scale drawings thus far, but 
before one can take up the figuring of 
work from drawings, it becomes neces- 
sary to understand this matter. There- 
fore, in our next chapter we shall take 
the subject up to a sufficient extent to en- 
able the student to use a scale in his 
work. 

It has probably been noticed that we 
have for some little time been showing 
lines on floor timbers in our drawings, 
which represent wood. This is not a 
necessity by any means, but a reference 
to Figs. 112 and 113 will convince the 
reader, we believe, that it sets off a 
drawing to quite an extent, and adds to 
its appearance. 

Likewise, the section lines of the divi- 
sion wall shown in Fig. 113 are of benefit, 
as well as the lines showing brick and 
stone work. 

The cross section lines take quite an 
amount of time to put in in proper 
shape, to be sure, but the lines showing 
wood and stone are very quickly put in. 

Some of the detail work connected with 
the six flat apartment building which we 
have been considering, we shall show in 
the next chapter. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR FLUMBERS 



93 




E.\-tVNT\ON O? 

^#^t« Room VNoqy^, 



CHAPTER XXII 



AS will be seen by reference to the 
floor plan of the six-flat depart- 
ment building sho\vn in tne 
last chapter, each fiat is sup- 
plied with a refrigerator and each line of 
refrigerators on the two sides of the build- 



All modern ordinances prohibit direct 
connection of the refrigerator with the 
drainages system, and reference to our 
sketch will show that the line is discon- 
nected at the sink, simply carrying the 
drip from the refrigerators into the sink, 
and the sink being trapped and vented in 
the usual manner as shown here. 

A note on Fig. 114, and also one on 
Fig. 113, call attention to the fact that 
the vent from this sink is carried into 
the bath room main vent line. The u: e 
of a note, as in this case, often saves tl:e 
labor and space involved in showing 
such work as it actually exists. In Fig. 
115 we give a sketch showing in detail 
the connection of one of the rain leaders 




R€.rR\Q>E.RP^TOR VSJora*. 

ing is served by a line of waste or drip 
pipe. This pipe is usually of galvanized 
wrought iron, as stated by the note at- 
tached to Fig. 114, which shows the re- 
frigerator work of the building under 
consideration. As the connection of 
each of the two refrigerators on the sec- 
ond and third floors into the main line 
of waste is the same as that on the first 
floor, we simply show the latter, with 
the drip sink and its connections below. 



rih'rTr-iV.iTrtaa 



Ttt_a^-vn_ 3Z>vaJvn_ f^ti 



into the drainage system. It will be no- 
ticed that the leader is not provided with 
a trap. As a general thing, wherever 
there is a main trap no separate traps 



94 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



95 



are placed on the rain leaders. If there 
were no main trap on this system, how- 
ever, it would be necessary to trap sepa- 
rately each line of rain leaders. 

Fig. 116 gives a sketch in detail of the 
cellar drainage. It represents a well 
formed in the concrete cellar bottom, 
with the hub end of a P trap cemented 
into the bottom of the well, and connect- 
ed with the main drain. Into this well 
the various lines of sub-soil drain are 
carried. In some cities it is required by 
ordinance to carry the water supply di- 



n 










i-cc Coxx.cxfe.-tfc. S-cub Soil 
C.t,Yla.TC 3oUom "EiTi.txa.-n.tt 



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CfcA^a^-r 
^S> otto Ton. 



1-n.to TCLa.v«- 33;T&-vrt_ 






rect to the cellar drainage well, so that 
in the event of a drought and the conse- 
quent evaporation of the trap seal, the 
seal may be renewed. 

With the main trap, however, this dan- 
ger is not so much to be feared, for the 
main trap acts as a safeguard to the en- 
trance of sewer gas through the cellar 
drainage system. 

The sketch shown in Fig. 117 shows 
the work connected with the drainage sys- 
tem usually found at the front cellar 
wall. In order to economize space, in- 
stead of carrying the fresh air inlet up 
to a proper height, we have carried it 
low, and by cutting off the cellar wall, 
the fact that the full height is not shown 
is made known. The concrete is shown 
with a well formed about the cleanouts 
on the main trap, so that easy access may 
be had to them. Cast iron soil pipe is 
shown carried two lengths or ten feet 
outside the cellar wall, where it is en- 
tered into the tile drain. 

This provision is made in most ordi- 
nances, to provide against the leaching 
back into the cellar of sewage that might 
escape from the tile drain if for any rea- 
son broken at some future time. The 
fresh air inlet is represented as carried 
underground twenty feet out into the 
lawn, and brought up to the surface, 
ending in a ventilating cap. The carry- 
ing of the inlet twenty feet away from 
windows and doors is a sanitary pro- 
vision required by many ordinances. 

Although not so difficult to execute as 
much of the preceding exercise work, it 
will do the reader no harm to practice 
on the work shown in these four 
sketches. 

As we intimated in our last article, we 
have come to a point now where it is 
necessary to use an exact scale, both in 
laying out drawings and in taking di-. 
mensions from drawings. 

It will no doubt already be known to 
most of our readers what the purpose of 
scale drawings is. 

As an example, let us suppose that the 
civil engineer is getting out a map of 
property covering several acres. It is 
obvious that it is utterly impossible to 
make such a drawing full size. The draw- 
ing must, however, show everything in 



96 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



its proper proportion, and therefore, in a foot on the property which is being 
order to get his work on a sheet of suit- mapped out. 
able size, he selects some scale. For in- This is a reducing scale, 
stance, he may make his drawing on a Now on the other hand, the draughts- 
scale of 1-16 inch to 1 foot, and if so, man may be required to make drawings 
each 1-16 inch on the drawing represents of some very small machine part, per- 




"Vt.Ti-t.i.la-.t.vn-g Ca/p 



0=K 







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11= 










Fv6.WC-M*k,\rs T«ft,p MSO FRCSH /Mr \nV_£T COMTAE-CT^OtHS ,tTC, 



T- 24 A 5 fe 1 B 9 \o/ U VI \i 



\s \<c vt. \a \<i i-o t\ m. 2.1 ^A is re it ^a 



F\&. \\a. Scede X' = v^t. 



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Fvs.wq. SceJie Ve = \ jt. 



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3 £ \ o 



F\e>. \z.\ OoM-isle ScaJie 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



97 



haps so small that when all the dimen- 
sions are placed upon it, it will be con- 
fused, and trouble the workman to work 
from it. 

In this case it is necessary to choose 
a scale which will enlarge the drawing. 
A scale of 2 inches equal 1 inch is possi- 
bly used, and" in this case, when the 
drawing is complete, a measurement on 
it of 2 inches represents 1 inch on the 
piece itself. 

Now, in the work which we are follow- 
ing, we shall have use for both the re- 
ducing and increasing scales, but more 
especially for the former. 

In Figs. 118, 119 and 120 we show three 
common reducing scales, and in Fig. 121 
a common increasing scale. 

The double scale (Fig. 121) or iy 2 or 
triple scale, will be found of use in the 
practice work which we have been giv- 
ing, in making an enlarged drawing from 
a smaller one. If there is a measure- 
ment of 1% inch on the smaller drawing, 
and the double scale is being used, to 
represent that dimension on the en- 
larged drawing, three inches of the dou- 
ble scale must be taken, that is, from 
to 3 on Fig. 121. 



The small divisions at the left of this 
scale represent fractions of an inch, each 
of the smallest divisions representing 1-16 
inch, the next larger y 8 inch, the next *4 
inch, and finally % inch. 

Fig. 120 shows a scale of % inch equals 
1 foot, and is a scale that is sometimes 
used, though not so often as the % inch 
and y 8 inch. The % inch scale will be 
found very handy in making a large 
drawing of small work, for instance, in 
making a good sized drawing of the 
plans and elevations of the plumbing for 
a small house. It must be understood 
that in Fig. 120, for instance, each fig- 
ured division represents a full inch on a 
drawing which is drawn to a scale of % 
inch equal 1 foot. Therefore, the full 
length of the scale shown would repre- 
sent 14 inches, on the scale drawing, 
though measuring actually only half that 
amount. 

We have chosen to consider lastly the 
two scales which are most important in 
this work, that is, the *4 and % inch 
scales shown in Figs. 118 and 119. In 
the next chapter these two scales will be 
considered fully, and examples of their 
application given. 



CHAPTER XXIII 



THE two scales of most importance 
to the architect and, therefore, 
of most importance to the 
plumber are those of 14-inch = 
1 foot, and % inch = 1 foot. 

Of these, by far the more commonly 
used is the scale of %. inch = 1 foot, 
which is used for practically all ordinary 
work, the '% inch scale being used on 
large work. 



shown represents 28 feet. In Fig. 119 
each eighth-inch division represents 1 
foot, and the total length shown repre- 
sents 56 feet. Thus, in comparing the 

Fig. 124. 




These two scales were shown in Figs. 
118 and 119 of the preceding article. 

In Fig. 118 each quarter-inch division 
represents 1 foot, and the total length 

fit. xfc r-, - -4 



^gl^^^S^^^S^ 



9-.? 

E tta f N\\\ys\\\\\ v4 % 

3- 



S ^ImM 



122. 

two scales, we find, as might be expected, 
that when equal lengths are laid off on 
each scale, that the given length repre- 
sents on the V% scale, just twice the di- 
mension on the % scale. In order to 
show in a practical way the application 



9" 



Fig. 123. 



Fig. 125. 

of the two scales, we give Figs. 122 and 
128. 

The former shows the work drawn on a 
scale of ^-inch = 1 foot, and the latter 
on a scale of %-inch = 1 foot. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



99 



It will be noticed that while in the 
latter case the dimensions are one-half 
the former, the area covered by the draw- 
ing is only one-quarter as great. 

There is one fact which should be thor- 
oughly understood, and that is, that on a 
scale drawing, the dimensions should al- 
ways be shown in full. For instance, in 



planation, but it is a fact that very often 
those not used to working a scale, are in- 
clined to make this error. 

Wherever a dimension calls for frac- 
tional parts of a foot, as occurs several 
times in Fig. 122, fractional parts of a 
foot on the scale should be used. 

Those of our readers who are putting 




Cellar Plan for Cottage House. Scale 1-8 in.=l ft. 




\ST. F\_OOR 



Sca/Le. 



Fig. 122, the actual length of the sketch 
is 4% inches, but it would be entirely 
wrong to place that dimension on the 
drawing. The dimension that should ap- 
pear is the dimension that the 4% inches 
represents on the scale that is being used, 
that is, 18 feet. 

This point may not have needed an ex- 



— C.OTT/Mofc. HOUSE. 

to use the information given in this 
book will probably find it almost neces- 
sary to procure a scale for the work that 
we are about taking up. There are two 
styles of boxwood scales commonly in use, 
which we represent in Figs. 124 and 125. 
The triangular scale is the more ex- 
pensive of the two, and has a larger num- 



100 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 




^hd. Floor "P\_/^ 

5ca.le 

ber of different scales upon it than the 
flat scale. At the same time, if a flat 
architect's scale having a quarter and 
eighth scales can be procured, it will an- 
swer all purposes. 

The flat scale has one great advantage 
over the triangular, from the fact that one 
often has to turn the latter several times 
before finding the scale desired, whereas 
the flat scale shows plainly at all times. 

Now having looked into the subject of 
the different scales, let us apply it in the 
making of the several plans for a cottage 
house, this being the simplest construc- 
tion that we can use for our purpose. 
Suppose we have a house to plan whose 
main dimensions are 36 feet x 24 feet. If 
we use a scale of % inch = 1 foot, the 
plans will appear 9 inches x 6 inches, 
which calls for a larger space than we 
can afford to give up, although if we were 
laying out this work on a sheet of paper 
rather than on the page of a publication 
where every inch is of value, the quarter 
scale for work of this kind would be far 
preferable. Under the conditions we are 
obliged to show the plans and elevation of 
this work on a scale of y$ inch = 1 foot, 
and in much of the large work we should 
have to resort to a scale even smaller, 
probably 1-16 inch = 1 foot. 

The cellar plan we show in Fig. 126, 
and such parts of the first and second 
floors as contain plumbing work are 
shown respectively in Figs. 127 and 128. 
In addition to the plans, we show in Fig. 
129, a very simple elevation of the work 
in question. This elevation is of the most 
rudimentary style, but it gives us as 
much information in the line of plumbing 
as an elaborate a.nd finished elevation; all 



- COTTNSE. 



House. 



we require is a knowledge of the distance 
between floors and the depth of floor 
timbers, and. in addition the pitch of the 
roof in order to know the length of the 
vertical line of soil pipe. This elevation 
is obtained by viewing the house from 
the front, and it will be seen that in this 
view the two stacks would appear one 
behind the other. After drawing the cel- 
lar wall, to locate the position of the 




Fig. 129. Elevation for Cottage House. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



101 



stacks in Fig. 129, measure to the left of 
the wall a distance equal to the distance 
on the cellar plan from the foundation to 
the center of the main drain. 

We show simply a single line to desig- 
nate the length of the soil pipe risers. If 
those of our readers who are not used to 
scaling drawings will figure out the dis- 
tance in feet between the several floors and 
the depth of floor beams, it will be good 
practice for them, and this might be done 
also with the cellar plan. 

In Fig. 130 we give two simple sketches 
of the two stacks shown on the cellar and 
floor plans. The same scale that has been 
used on these plans is used on the eleva- 
tions of the two stacks, as far as heights 
between floors, etc., is concerned, but the 
diameter of the pipe, length of fittings, 
etc., is not drawn to this scale; in fact, 
not to any scale. 

It can readily be seen that if this scale 
were followed on the piping the diameter 
of the 4-inch pipe would appear on our 
drawing as only 1-24-inch, which would 
be too small to show well. It will usually 
be found almost impossible to adhere to 
the scale on the piping for the reason just 
given. 

We would advise the reader as ex- 
cellent practice work, to work out the 
several floor plans on some scale larger 
than that which we have followed, com- 
pleting fully the two floor plans which 
we have shown only partially complete, 
and also completing the work on the ele- 
vations of Fig. 130, by showing the fix- 
tures and all their connections. 








Fig. 130. Scale 1-8 In.= l it. 



CHAPTER XXIV 



BEFORE leaving this part of our 
subject, there is one system, 
the plumbing for a country 
residence, which it is desirable 
to take up. 

This work is different from city work 
in several respects, and we believe it 
will be of benefit to consider such a sys- 
tem. 

For such a country residence we show 




.."Floor "P1A.TL 

F\O.V5\. 

in Figs. 131, 132 and 133, the second and 
first floor plans and cellar plan respect- 
ively. 

The cellar plan shows some difference 
from the same plan for city work, from 
the fact that on this plan, the locations 
of well, cesspool, etc., is shown. In the 
second floor plan, we show in dotted lines 
the storage tank to be located in the 
attic. 

We have adopted this method in prefer- 



ence to going to the extra trouble of get- 
ting out a plan of the attic simply to 
show this one point. 

On the - cellar plan also, we have located 
the cesspool 50 feet from the house. Ac- 



WtYl, 




C^^poo-L 



cording to the scale it will be found much 
closer than that, but where such a dimen- 
sion is given it is always to be followed, 
and no attention paid to the distance that 
the regular scale would give. Fig. 134 
gives a plain elevation of the residence, 



102 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



103 



with relative heights of top of well and 
cesspool, and this figure becomes neces- 
sary in laying out an elevation of the 
work such as Figs. 135 and 136 show. 
Fig. 135 is an elevation showing the 
drainage portion of the plumbing system 
drawn to a larger scale than the plans, 




and even though larger, it is not large 
enough to show plainly the many small 
details of the work. 

There is nothing to be said about this 
work which will show any decided differ- 
ence from city work, with the exception 
of the venting. Our readers well know 



104 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR' PLUMBERS 



that as a general thing, work in the coun- 
try is not done under the regulations of 
a plumbing ordinance, and for that reason 
in a majority of cases the work is put in 
without venting, though the country resi- 
dent is gradually being convinced that he 
should have as good and as sanitary work 
in his house as his city brother. 

Acknowledging that work of this kind 
has to be done, we show this plumbing 
system invented, and as a precaution 
against syphonage, show drum traps 
under the fixtures instead of the ordinary 
strap, which is more susceptible to sy- 
phonage. 

On such work, the style of trap shown, 
or one of the modern anti-syphon traps, 
we believe far preferable to the S trap. 

It will be noticed that in accordance 
with Fig. 134, our elevation shows the 
well located above the cesspool, which 




tfV° 



2-tucL "3"Lootc 



\ ^t 3\oo- 






i ° 



o 



F'gf. '3<. , 



n 







saagsa J sgEEaga 






MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



105 



should be demanded in order to lessen 
the danger of leeching of the contents of 
the cesspool into the well. 

In Fig. 136 we give another elevation, 
showing the water supply for the house 
with windmill pumping to the storage 
tank. 

This and the drainage system elevation 
are generally combined in one drawing, 
but on such a small scale greater clear- 
ness is obtained by keeping them sep- 
arate. 

Thus far in this series we have done 
more work in connection with the drain- 
age end of plumbing than with the water 



supply, though both are equally important. 

This needs attention before we bring 
our series to an end, and will therefore 
next claim our attention. 

It will be a good plan for those inter- 
ested, to work out the two elevations 
which appear in this article, using, how- 
ever, a much larger scale, for the use of a 
small scale makes this work of such a 
puttering nature that it becomes very 
tiring, and furthermore, a larger scale 
would allow of showing small details, 
such as fittings, wiped joints, etc., and 
these little points go a long way to make 
an attractive drawing. 



CHAPTER XXV 



CONCERNING the drawing of pip- 
ing, there is nothing connected 
with it which differs at all in 
principal from the work which 
we have already been over. Consequent- 
ly, the illustration which we present, 
will cover the greater part of the sub- 
ject. 

Figs. 137 and 138 show the water pip- 
ing connected with range IToiler work, 




Fig. 13?. 



the former showing wrought iron pipe, 
and the latter lead. In each of these illus- 
trations, A and B represent globe valves 
in two positions, A being seen from the 
side, and B from a position where the 
wheel appears in front of the valve. 
These same positions respecting the stop 
cock are shown at C and D. E shows a 
bibb. 

A simpler and quicker way of showing 
this work, and one that is often just as 
desirable, is shown in Pig. 139, A, B, and 
C showing respectively a globe valve, 
stop cock and bibb. 

If it is desired to make a distinction 
between the hot and cold pipes, it may 
be done by drawing one with solid lines, 
such as Fig. 139 shows, and the other by 
dotted lines. The same effect can be ob- 
tained very satisfactorily by showing the 
cold pipes with blue pencil or ink, and 
the hot with red. "We might add, by the 
way, that this method is often followed 
in making the distinction between the 
drainage and the venting system of 
plumbing work. 

Comparing Fig. 137 with Figs. 140 and 
141, it will be seen in the former that 
the fittings are made of the same diame- 
ter as the pipe, while in the latter, which 
show larger sized pipes, the size of the 
fitting is made larger than the pipe. 

The latter method is usually adopted 
in showing steam piping, while the for- 
mer is used in watej piping. 

In Fig. 140, A, B, C and D show respec- 
tively the ell, reducing ell, tee, and re- 
ducing tee. 

Fig. 141 shows 45-degree connections, 
with the main, from which the connec- 
tion is taken, showing sidewise, while 



106 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



107 



Fig. 142 shows a 45-degree connection 
-with the main showing endwise. Further- 
more, at the connection in Fig. 142, the 
fitting shown represents an ell which 
shows the pipe running back from the 
fitting, away from the observor. On the 
other hand, A in this same sketch shows 
the same fitting with the pipe pointing 
from the fitting toward the observer. 

These matters, simple in themselves, 
are important in correctly representing 
this work, and are points that the aver- 




czg@n — ( 



Fig. 138. 

age man will get confused, with the re- 
sult that the person who has to read 
the drawing either gets a wrong impres- 
sion of what is desired, or is entirely 
unable to figure it out. 

To the man who is unaccustomed to 
the making of drawings, among the most 
difficult things connected with this line 
of work, to represent properly, are the 
various styles of valves. To help him on 



such work as this, we give the sketches 
of Fig. 143. If he will compare the draw- 
ings of these different valves with illus- 
trations of them in one of the trade cat- 
alogs, he will find that our sketches arei 
made as simply as possible, such details 
for instance as the stuffing boxes, curves 



n j' 




%— «s— 



Fig. 139. 

on the hexagonal parts of the valves, etc., 
being omitted. Of course these details 
add to the appearance of a sketch, but 
they take more or less time and skill, 
and the particular style of valve can be 
shown as well without them, and after 
all, that is the chief thing to be desired. 
The several letters of Fig. 143 repre- 
sent respectively: A, iron pipe cock; B, 



a 



ID. 




Fig. 140. Fig. 141. 

horizontal check valve; C, gas meter 
cock; D, globe valve; E, gate valve; F, 
cross valve; G, angle valve; H, Y- valve; 
L, radiator valve. 

Another matter which usually presents 
difficulties to the man who is not ac- 
quainted with drafting, is the represent- 
ing of radiators and coils. 




D 



r 



Fig. 142. 

Figs. 144 and 145 show two methods of 
drawing radiators. The former naturally 
is the more difficult to work out, while 
the latter represents the radiator just as 
well. 

In laying out this work, the space be- 



108 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



tween the sections should be about as 
our sketch shows it, that is, one-half the 
width of the section itself. 

In putting" in the semi-circles at the 
top and bottom of the radiator in Fig. 144 
it is best to draw a line, such as shown 
by the dotted lines in the sketch, and 




vn 



m 



m 



rx 



Fi2% 144. 



F\<=. \*h. 



Fig. 145. 



take the centers for the curves on this 
line, being sure of course to put in the 
curves before the straight lines are 
drawn. 

The drawing of a coil of ordinary pat- 
tern, such as shown by Fig. 147, needs 




very little explanation, the drawing it- 
self showing how the work should -be 
laid out. 

The drawing of a miter coil, such ■ as 
shown by Fig. 146, needs some little at- 
tention, however. Lay out the horizon- 
tal and vertical pipes first and carry the 
lines until they meet each other. It will 
be found that the points of intersection 



ifci^^A^^xxJ 



Fig. 146. 



Fig. 14T. 

will be on an angle of 45 degrees, such as 
the dotted line shows in the sketch. 

Having put in this line, which should 
be done in light pencil, the centers for 
striking the curves of the several ells 
may be taken on this line. 

In taking up much of the work consid- 
ered in this article, we are not adhering 
strictly to the requirements of the 
plumber, but as the work of the plumber 
and fitter are so closely allied, this work 
will prove of value to the average plumb- 
er we believe. 

Our readers will find plenty of good 
practice work in the illustrations which 
we have presented in this chapter, and 
the drawing of valves, radiators and coils 
will be found of special value. 



CHAPTER XXVI 



THE showing of steam pipes on 
floor plans is a matter that calls 
for attention, and in this con- 
nection we give Figs. 148 and 
149. The method shown in Fig. 148 is 
the one which is probably most used, the 
pipes being represented by single lines, 
and the risers by circles. 

The other method shown in Fig. 149 
has the advantage of showing the connec- 
tions of branches with the main, more in 
detail than the method just mentioned. 
A glance at the sketch will show that the 
tee on the main is turned at 45 degrees, 







3o 


~1 J 


a 






it 


35oVL 






















1 1 V 





Fig. 148. 

and a 45-degree ell brings the branch 
level again. 

Now we come to the matter of showing 
piping in perspective, the last point 
which we shall take up in this series. 
It is of much importance, for it will be 
found that it is used a great deal, and 
furthermore, many systems of heating 
are very difficult to illustrate by any 
other means. 

To get into this subject we show 
several simple examples of perspective in 
Fig. 150. 

A represents a connection which in- 
spection will show is viewed by looking 
down upon the object, and from the right, 



while B is obtained by looking downward 
from the left. Either of these two views 
is very common, much more so, we may 
say, than views obtained by looking up- 
ward upon the object. C shows a con- 
nection which is viewed from the left 
and on a level with it, instead of down- 
ward or upward, and occasionally is a 
desirable method to follow. D shows a 
little more difficult perspective than those 
preceding, and E shows valves in two dif- 
ferent positions, in perspective. 

A close study of these examples of per- 
spective will show that the ellipses which 
are seen on the fittings are square with 
the direction of the pipe, no matter in 
what direction the pipe may run. 

Compare F and G, which are supposed 
to represent the same thing. The el- 
lipses in F are not square with the fitting 
or pipe, while those in G are. The result 
is apparent. The tee in F is distorted, 
while that in G is not. 

If our reader will hold a piece of pipe 
in front of him with the end pointing 
toward him, that end will appear as a full 
circle, but if he will turn the pipe from 
this position gradually until it stands 
lengthwise instead of endwise, this circle 
will become an ellipse, gradually narrow- 
ing, until finally, when in a position 
lengthwise, no part of a circle or ellipse 
is to be seen, simply the square end be- 
ing seen. 

Perhaps this crude example will ex- 
plain why, in this perspective work, the 
circles on the fittings appear as ellipses. 
In making a rule for this work we can 
perhaps do no better than to say that the 
straight lines of pipe should be first put 
in, in their proper directions, and the 
fittings connecting them put "in after- 
ward, and as previously stated, care be- 



109 



110 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



ing taken that the ellipses are square with 
the piping. 

To make an application of the work 
shown in Fig. 150, we give Fig. 151, which 
represents a heater with its piping. It 




Figf- 149. 

will at once be seen that the perspective 
of this work shows that it is obtained 
by viewing it looking downward and to- 
ward the left. The boiler was drawn 
first, with the lines V and W at 60 de- 
grees with the horizontal front line of 



the boiler. In perspective, all vertical 
lines appear vertical, hence ail the risers 
in Fig. 151 are vertical. 

The line of pipe S-T is at right angles 
to the boiler and therefore must be paral-. 
lei with the front line of the boiler, that 
is, horizontal. The lines A-B and K-L are 
of course parallel with the lines V and 
W of the boiler, and must therefore be 
drawn in that way, that is, at 60 degrees 
with the horizontal. 

The lines of pipe shown at C, D, M and 
N are parallel with S-T and E-F, and are 
therefore drawn horizontally with the 
tee square. 

The lines of pipe shown by G, H, P 
and R being on the work itself parallel 
to A-B and K-L are drawn parallel, that 
is, at 60 degrees with the horizontal. 

In Fig. 151 we have lines of pipe run- 
ning in four different directions in addi- 
tion to the vertical lines, and we believe 
that this sketch will cover the ground 




v"\&.\5\ 



Mechanical Drawing for Plumbers. Sketch Showing a Heater and its Piping. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS 



111 




3) 



A. 






Fiff. 150. 



quite thoroughly, and therefore be of spe- 
cial value. 

We might say that in perspective, the 
lines that run back, and away from the 
observer, appear to converge instead of 
appearing parallel, as they actually are. 

This is illustrated by a straight line of 
railway tracks. We all know that if we 
look along a long stretch of track, the 
rails appear to converge, and if the dis- 
tance is great enough, they seem finally 
to run together. 

To be actually correct in showing the 
work of Fig. 151, the lines of pipe A-B 
and K-L, instead of being parallel, should 
be somewhat closer together from B to 
K than from A to L, but in mechanical 
perspective, as we may call the work that 
we are now considering, this principle is 



not usually given any consideration. 

Very often on such work as shown in 
Fig. 151 the work as far as we have car- 
ried it, is shown in perspective, while the 
radiators, and all other work above the 
connections in the cellar, the work would 
show plain, just as we have hitherto 
shown it. 

In bringing this book to a close with 
the present chapter we would say that we 
have endeavored to eliminate as far as 
possible all technical matters connected 
with the subject, trying as far as possible 
to express and explain the ideas to be con- 
veyed in as straightforward and plain 
wording as possible, for it has been our 
aim to make the book equally as valu- 
able to the apprentice boy as to the welL 
informed master. 



1911 



CATALOGUE 



of 



Practical Books 




Published and for sale by 

The Norman W. Henley Publishing Company 

Publishers of Scientific and Practical Books 

132 NASSAU STREET NEW YORK, U.S.A. 



All books in this Catalogue sent prepaid on receipt of price. 



SUBJECT INDEX 



PAGE 

Air Brakes 3, 12, 13 

Arithmetics 7, 15, 20 

Balloons 3 

Bevel Gears 10 

Boilers 3, 13, 16 

Brazing 3 

Cams 11 

Car Charts 3 

Change Gear 11 

Charts 3 

Chemistry 10, 17 

Coal Mining 17 

Coke 4 

Compressed Air 4 

Concrete 4, 5 

Cyclopedia 4 

Dictionaries 5 

Dies 6 

Drawing 6, 18 

Drop Forging 6 

Dynamo 7, 8 

Electricity 7, 8, 9 

Engines and Boilers 16 

Flying Machines 3 

Fuel 9, 12 

Gas Manufacturing ' 10 

Gas Engines 10 

Gears 10 

Heating, Electric 7 

Hot Water Heating 20 

Horse-Power Chart 19 

Hydraulics 11 

Ice Making 11 

India Rubber 18 

Interchangeable Manufacturing 14 

Inventions 11 

Lathes n 

Lighting (Electric) 7 

Link Motion 13 

Liquid Air 12 

Locomotive Engineering 12, 13, 14 

Machinist's Books 14, 15, 16 



PAGE 

Manual Training 16 

Marine Engines 16 

Mechanical Movements 15. 

Metal Turning 11 

Milling Machines 16 

Mining 17 

Oil Engines 10 

Patents 11 

Pattern Making 17 

Perfumery 17 

Pipes 20 

Plumbing 18 

Producer Gas 10 

Punches 6 

Receipt Book 18 

Refrigeration 11 

Rubber Stamps 18 

Saws i& 

Sheet Metal Working 6 

Shop Tools 15 

Shop Construction 15 

Shop Management 15. 

Sketching Paper o 

Smoke Prevention 9, 12 

Soldering 3 

Steam Engineering • 19, 20 

Steam Heating 20 

Steam Pipes 2a 

Steel 20 

Superheated Steam 12 

Switchboards 7, 8 

Tapers 12 

Telephone 9 

Threads 16 

Tools 14, 15, 16 

Ventilation 20 

Valve Gear 14 

Valve Setting 13 

Walschaert Valve Gear v 14 

Watchmaking 20 

Wiring ...7, 9 

Wireless Telephones 9- 



INDEX BY AUTHORS 



PAGE 

Alexander, J. H 3 

Askinson, G. W 17 

Barr, Wm. M 9, 12 

Barrows, F. W 17 

Bauer, Dr. G 16 

Baxter, Wm 7, 8 

Benjamin, Park 16 

Blackall, R. H 12, 13 

Booth and Kershaw 9 

Booth, Wm. H 20 

Buchetti J 19 

Byrom, T. H 17 

Byrom and Christopher 4 

Cockin, T. H-. 17 

Colvin, Fred H . 12, 13 

Colvin-Cheney 15, 20 

Colvin-Stabel 16 

Crane, W. E 19 

Dalby, H. A 14 

Engstrom, D. Ag 10 



PAGE 

Erskine-Murray 9 

Fowler ^Geo. L 3, 13 

Garbe, Robert 12 

Goddard, D wight 19 

Grimshaw, Robert 13, 16, 18, 19 

Harrison, Newton 7 

Haslam, Arthur P 8 

Hiscox, G. D. .4, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 19 

Hobart, J. F 3 

Horner, J. G 4, 11, 14, 16 

Houghton, A. A 4, 5 

Johnson, J.P 17 

King, A. G 20 

Kleinhans, F. A 13 

Kraus, H. T. C 6 

Lewis, M. H 5 

Lummis-Paterson 8 

Markham, E. R .'. 20 

Mathot, R. E 10 

Parsell and Weed 10 



PAGE 

Perrigo, Oscar E 9, 11, 15 

Pratt, H 9 

Putnam, Xeno W 10 

Radcliffe and Cushing 9 

Richards-Colvin 6 

Rouillion, Louis 11, 16 

Royle, H. M 10 

Saunier, Claudius 20 

Sloane, T. O'Conor. . .5, 7, 8, 12, 18 

Starbuck, R. M 18 

Sylvester and Oberg 6 

Usher, John T 15 

Vandervoort, W. H 15 

Walker, S. F 7 

Wallis-Taylor, A. J 11 

Weed, A. J 7 

Wood, Wm. W 14 

Woodworth, J. V 6, 14, 20 

Wright, J 7 



Ht^-ANY BOOK ADVERTISED IN THIS CATALOGUE WILL BE SENT PROMPTLY TO ANY 
ADDRESS IN THE WORLD, CHARGES PREPAID, UPON RECEIPT OF PRICE. 

g^~How to Remit. — Remit by Postal Money Order, Express Money Order, Bank Draft 

or Registered Letter. 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 



BALLOONS AND FLYING MACHINES 

MODEL BALLOONS AND FLYING MACHINES. WITH A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE 
PROGRESS OF AVIATION. By J. H. Alexander. 

This book has been written with a view to assist those who desire to construct a model airship 
or flying machine. It contains five folding plates of working drawings, each sheet containing 
a different sized machine. Much instruction and amusement can be obtained from the making 
and flying of these models. 

A short account of the progress of aviation is included, which will render the bock of greater 
interest. Several illustrations of full sized .airship and flying machines of the latest types are 
scattered throughout the text. This practical work gives data, working drawings, and details 
■ which will assist materially those interested in the problems of flight. 127 pages, 45 illustra- 
tions, 5 folding plates. Price , $1.50 

BRAZING AND SOLDERING 

BRAZING AND SOLDERING. By James F. Hobart. 

The only book that shows you just how to handle any job of brazing or soldering that comes 
along; tells you what mixture to use, how to make a furnace if you need one. Full of kinks. 
Fourth edition 25 cents 

CHARTS 

BOX CAR CHART. 

A chart showing the anatomy of a box car, having every part of the car numbered and its 
proper name given in a reference list 20 cents 

GONDOLA CAR CHART. 

A chart showing the anatomy of a gondola car, having every part of the car numbered and 
its proper reference name given in a reference list 20 cents 

PASSENGER CAR CHART. 

A chart showing the anatomy of a passenger car, having every part of the car numbered and 
its proper name given in a reference list 20 cents 

WESTINGHOUSE AIR-BRAKE CHARTS. 

Chart I. — Shows (in colors) the most modern Westinghouse High Speed and Signal Equip- 
ment used on Passenger Engines, Passenger Engine Tenders, and Passenger Cars. Chart 
II. — Shows (in colors) the Standard Westinghouse Equipment for Freight and Switch En- 
gines, Freight and Switch Engine Tenders, and Freight Cars. Price for the set . 50 cents 

TRACTIVE POWER CHART. 

A chart whereby you can find the tractive power or drawbar pull of any locomotive, without 
making a figure. Shows what cylinders are equal, how driving wheels and steam pressure 
affect the power. What sized engine you need to exert a given drawbar pull or anything 
you desire in this line 50 cents 

HORSE POWER CHART. 

Shows the horse power of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what the 
cylinder diameter of stroke; the steam pressure or cut-off; the revolutions, or whether con- 
densing or non-condensing, it's all there. Easy to use, accurate, and saves time and calcu- 
lations. Especially useful to engineers and designers. . 50 cents 

BOILER ROOM CHART. By Geo. L. Fowler. 

A Chart — size 14 x 28 inches — showing in isometric perspective the mechanisms belonging 
in a modern boiler room. Water tube boilers, ordinary grates and mechanical stokers, feed 
water heaters and pumps comprise the equipment. The various parts are shown broken or 
removed, so that the internal construction is fully illustrated. Each part is given a reference 
number, and these, with the corresponding name, are given in a glossary printed at the sides. 
This chart is really a dictionary of the boiler room — the names of more than 200 parts being 
given. It is educational — worth many times its cost 25 cents 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

CIVIL ENGINEERING 

HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING AND ALLIED TRADES. 

Edited by Joseph G. Horner, A.M. I., M.E. 

This set of five volumes contains about 2,500 pages with thousands of illustrations, including 
diagrammatic and sectional drawings with full explanatory details. This work covers the 
entire practice of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The best known experts in all branches 
of engineering have contributed to these volumes. The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted 
to the needs of the beginner and the self-taught practical man, as well as the mechanical en- 
gineer, designer, draftsman, shop superintendent, foreman, and machinist. The work will be 
found a means of advancement to any progressive man. It is encyclopedic in scope, thorough 
and practical in its treatment of technical subjects, simple and clear in its descriptive matter, 
and without unnecessary technicalities or formulae. The articles are as brief as may be and 
yet give a reasonably clear and explicit statement of the subject, and are written by men who 
have had ample practical experience in the matters of which they write. It tells you all you 
want to know about engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly, so concisely, that one cannot 
help but understand. As a work of reference it is without a peer. $6.00 per volume. For 
complete set of five volumes, price $25.00 

COKE 

COKE— MODERN COKING PRACTICE; INCLUDING THE ANALYSIS] OF MATE- 
RIALS AND PRODUCTS. By T. H. Byrom and J. E. Christopher. 

A handbook for those engaged in Coke manufacture and the recovery of By-products. Fully 
illustrated with folding plates. It has been the aim of the authors, in preparing this book, 
to produce one which shall be of use and benefit to those who are associated with, or inter- 
ested in, the modern developments of the industry. Contents: I. Introductory. II. Gen- 
eral Classification of Fuels. III. Coal Washing. IV. The Sampling and Valuation of Coal, 
Coke, etc. V. The Calorific Power of Coal and Coke. VI. Coke Ovens. VII. Coke Ovens, 
continued. VIII. Coke Ovens, continued. IX. Charging and Discharging of Coke Ovens, 
X. Cooling and Condensing Plant. XI. Gas Exhausters. XII. Composition and Analysis 
of Ammoniacal Liquor. XIII. Working-up of Ammoniacal Liquor. XIV. Treatment of 
Waste Gases from Sulphate Plants. XV. Valuation of Ammonium Sulphate. XVI. Direct 
Recovery of Ammonia from Coke Oven Gases. XVII. Surplus Gas from Coke Oven. Use- 
ful Tables. Very fully illustrated. Price $3. 50 net 

COMPRESSED AIR 



COMPRESSED AIR IN ALL ITS APPLICATIONS. By Gardner D. Hiscox. 

This is the most complete book on the subject of Air that has even been issued, and its thirty- 
five chapters include about every phase of the subject one can think of. It may be called an 
encyclopedia of compressed air. It is written by an expert, who, in its 665 pages, has dealt 
with the subject in a comprehensive manner, no phase of it being omitted. Over 500 illustra- 
tions, 5th Edition, revised and enlarged. Cloth bound, $5.00: Half Morocco, price $6.50 

CONCRETE 

ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE WITHOUT MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton. 

The process for making ornamental concrete without molds, has long been held as a secret and 
now, for the first time, this process is given to the public. The book reveals the secret and is 
the only book published which explains a simple, practical method whereby the concrete worker 
is enabled, by employing wood and metal templates of different designs, to mold or model in 
concrete any Cornice, Archivolt, Column, Pedestal, Base Cap, Urn or Pier in a monolithic 
form — right upon the job. These may be molded in units or blocks, and then built up to suit 
the specifications demanded. This work is fully illustrated, with detailed engravings. Price 

$3.00 
CONCRETE FROM SAND MOLDS. By A. A. Houghton. 

A Practical Work treating on a process, which has heretofore been held as a trade secret, by 
the few who possessed it, and which will successfully mold every and any class of ornamental 
concrete work. The process of molding concrete with sand molds is of the utmost practical 
value, possessing the manifold advantages of a low cost of molds, the ease and rapidity of 
operation, perfect details to all ornamental designs, density, and increased strength of the 
concrete, perfect curing of the work without attention and the easy removal of the molds re- 
gardless of any undercutting the design may have. 192 pages. Fully illustrated. Price $2.00 

CONCRETE WALL FORMS. By A. A. Houghton. 

A new automatic wall clamp is illustrated with working drawings. Other types of wall 
forms, clamps, separators, etc., are also illustrated and explained 50 cents 

CONCRETE FLOORS AND SIDEWALKS. By A. A. Houghton. ' 

The molds for molding squares, hexagonal and many other styles of mosaic floor and side- 
walk blocks are fully illustrated and explained. ... 50 cents 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

CONCRETE SILOS. By A. A. Houghton. 

Complete working drawings and specifications are given for several styles of concrete silos, 
with illustrations of molds for monolithic and block silos. The tables, data and information 
presented in this book are of the utmost value in planning and constructing all forms of concrete 
silos ' . . 50 cents 

CONCRETE CHIMNEYS, SLATE AND ROOF TILES. By A. A. Houghton. 

The manufacture of all types of concrete slate and roof tile is fully treated. Valuable data 
on all forms of reinforced concrete roofs are contained within its pages. The construction of 
concrete chimneys by block and monolithic systems is fully illustrated and described. A 
number of ornamental designs of chimney construction with molds are shown in this valu- 
able treatise 50 cents 

MOLDING AND CURING ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE. By A. A. Houghton. 

The proper proportions of cement and aggregates for various finishes, also the methods of 
thoroughly mixing and placing in the molds, are fully treated. An exhaustive treatise on this 
subject that every concrete worker will find of daily use and value 50 cents 

CONCRETE MONUMENTS, MAUSOLEUMS AND BURIAL VAULTS. By A. A. 
Houghton. 

The molding of concrete monuments to imitate the most expensive cut stone is explained in 
this treatise, with working drawings of easily built molds. Cutting inscriptions and designs 
is also fully treated 50 cents 

CONCRETE BATH TUBS, AQUARIUMS AND NATATORIUMS. By A. A. Houghton. 

Simple molds and instruction are given for molding many styles of concrete bath tubs, swim- 
ming pools, etc. These molds are easily built and permit rapid and successful work. 50 cents 

ARTISTIC CONCRETE BRIDGES. By A. A. Houghton. 

A number of ornamental conoete bridges with illustrations of molds are given. A collapsible, 
center or core for bridges, culverts and sewers is fully illustrated with detailed instructions for 
building 50 cents 

CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE PORCHES. By A. A. Houghton. 

A number of designs with working drawings of molds are fully explained so anyone can easily 
construct different styles of ornamental concrete porches without the purchase of expensive 
molds 50 cents 

CONCRETE FLOWER POTS, BOXES AND JARDINIERES. By A. A. Houghton. 

The molds for producing many original designs of flower pots, urns, flower boxes, jardinieres, 
etc., are fully illustrated and explained, so the worker can easily construct and operate same. 

50 cents 

CONCRETE FOUNTAINS AND LAWN ORNAMENTS. By A. A. Houghton. 

The molding of a number of designs of lawn seats, curbing, hitching posts, pergolas, sun dials 
and other forms of ornamental concrete for the ornamentation of lawns and gardens, is 
fully illustrated and described 50 cents 

CONCRETE FOR THE FARM AND SHOP. By A. A. Houghton. 

The molding of drain tile, tanks, cisterns, fence posts, stable floors, hog and poultry houses 
and all the purposes for which concrete is an invaluable aid to the farmer are numbered 
among the contents of this handy volume 50 cents 

POPULAR HANDBOOK FOR CEMENT AND CONCRETE USERS. By Myron H. Lewis, 

This is a concise treatise of the principles and methods employed in the manufacture and use 
of cement in all classes of modern works. The author has brought together in this work, all 
the salient matter of interest to the user of concrete and its many diversified products. The 
matter is presented in logical and systematic order, clearly written, fully illustrated and free 
from involved mathematics. Everything of value to the concrete user is given including kinds 
of cement employed in construction, concrete architecture, inspection and testing, waterproof- 
ing, coloring and painting, rules, tables, working, and cost data. Price $2.50 



DICTIONARIES 



STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'Conor Sloane. 

An indispensable work to all interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the student 
and professional. A practical hand-book of reference containing definitions of about 5,000 
distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every 
term used in electrical science. Recently issued. An entirely new edition. Should be in 
the possession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of this branch of science. 
Complete, concise and convenient. 682 pages. 393 illustrations. Price. .... $3.00 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 



DIES— METAL WORK 

DIES, THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE FOR THE MODERN WORKING OF SHEET 

METALS. By J. V. Woodwokth. 

A most useful book, and one which should be in the hands of all engaged in the press working 
of metals; treating on the Designing, Constructing, and Use of Tools, Fixtures and Devices, 
together with the manner in which they should be used in the Power Press, for the cheap and 
rapid production of the great variety of sheet metal articles now in use. It is designed as a 
guide to the production of sheet metal parts at the minimum of cost with the maximum of 
output. The hardening and tempering of Press tools and the classes of work which may be 
produced to the best advantage by the use of dies in the power press are fully treated. Its 
505 illustrations show dies, press fixtures and sheet metal working devices, the descriptions 
of which are so clear and practical that all metal-working mechanics will be able to understand 
how to design, construct and use them. Many of the dies and press fixtures treated were 
either constructed by the author or under his supervision. Others were built by skilful 
mechanics and are in use in large sheet metal establishments and machine shops. Price $3.00 

PUNCHES, DIES AND TOOLS FOR MANUFACTURING IN PRESSES. By J. V. Wood- 
worth. 

This work is a companion volume to the author's elementary work entitled "Dies, Their 
Construction and Use." It does not go into the details of die making to the extent of the 
author's previous book, but gives a comprehensive review of the field of operations carried on 
by presses. A large part of the information given has been drawn from the author's personal 
experience. It might well be termed an Encyclopedia of Die Making, Punch Making, Die 
Sinking, Sheet Metal Working, and Making of Special Tools, Sub-presses, Devices and Mechani- 
cal Combinations for Punching, Cutting, Bending, Forming, Piercing, Drawing, Compressing 
and Assembling Sheet Metal Parts, and also Articles of other Materials in Machine Tools. 
Price '. $4.00 

DROP FORGING, DIE SINKING AND MACHINE FORMING OF STEEL. By J. V. Wood- 
worth. 

This is a practical treatise on Modern Shop Practice, Processes, Methods, Machines, Tools and 
Details, treating on The Hot and Cold Machine-Forming of Steel and Iron into Finished Shapes; 
Together with Tools, Dies, and Machinery involved in the manufacture of Duplicate Forgings 
and Interchangeable Hot and Cold Pressed Parts from Bar and Sheet Metal. Fully illustrated 
by 300 detailed illustrations. Price. . • $3.50 

DRAWING— SKETCHING PAPER 



LINEAR PERSPECTIVE SELF-TAUGHT. By Herman T. C. Kraus. 

This work gives the theory and practice of linear perspective, as used in architectural, engi- 
neering, and mechanical drawings. Persons taking up the study of the subject by themselves 
will be able by the use of the instruction given to readily grasp the subject, and by reason- 
able practice become good perspective draftsmen. The arrangement of the book is good; 
the plate is on the left-hand, while the descriptive text follows on the opposite page, so as to 
be readily referred to. The drawings are on sufficiently large scale to show the work clearly 
and are plainly figured. The whole work makes a very complete course on perspective draw- 
ing, and will be found of great value to architects, civil and mechanical engineers, patent 
attorneys, art designers, engravers, and draftsmen $2.50 

PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE. By Richards and Colvin. 

Shows just how to make all kinds of mechanical drawings in the only practical perspective 
isometric. Makes everything plain so that any mechanic can understand a sketch or drawing 
in this way. Saves time in the drawing room, and mistakes in the shops. Contains practical 
examples of various classes of work 50 cents 

SELF-TAUGHT MECHANICAL DRAWING AND ELEMENTARY MACHINE DESIGN. 
By F. L. Sylvester, M.E., Draftsman, with additions by Erik Oberg, associate 
editor of "Machinery." 

This is a practical treatise on Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design, comprising the first 
principles of geometric and mechanical drawing, workshop mathematics, mechanics, strength 
of materials and the calculations and design of machine details. Specially prepared for the 
practical mechanic and young draftsman. It is primarily intended for the man who must 
study without a teacher. It is clearly written, comprehensive, and carefully arranged. Price 

$3.00 

A NEW SKETCHING PAPER. 

A new specially ruled paper to enable you to make sketches or drawings in isometric perspective 
without any figuring or fussing. It is being used for shop details as well as for assembly 
drawings, as it makes one sketch do the work of three, and no workman can help seeing just 
what is wanted. Pads of 40 sheets, 6x9 inches, 25 cents. Pads of 40 sheets, 9 x 12 inches. 

50 cents 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

ELECTRICITY 

ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICITY. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. 

A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules, all of the 
simplest forms, and involving only ordinary arithmetic; each rule illustrated by one or more 
practical problems, with detailed solution of each one. This book is classed among the most 
useful works published on the science of electricity covering as it does the mathematics of 
electricity in a manner that will attract the attention of those who are not familiar with alge- 
braical formulas. 160 pages. Price $1.00 

COMMUTATOR CONSTRUCTION. By Wm. Baxter, Jr. 

The business end of any dynamo or motor of the direct current type is the commutator. This 
book goes into the designing, building, and maintenance of commutators, shows how to locate 
troubles and how to remedy them; everyone who fusses with dynamos needs this. 25 cents 

DYNAMO BUILDING FOR AMATEURS, OR HOW TO CONSTRUCT A FIFTY-WATT 
DYNAMO. By Arthur J. Weed, Member of N. Y. Electrical Society. 

This book is a practical treatise showing in detail the construction of a small dynamo or motor, 

the entire machine work of which can be done on a small foot lathe. 

Dimensioned working drawings are given for each piece of machine work and each operation 

is clearly described. 

This machine, when used as a dynamo, has an output of fifty watts; when used as a motor it 

will drive a small drill press or lathe. It can be used to drive a sewing machine on any and all 

ordinary work. 

The book is illustrated with more than sixty original engravings showing the actual construction 

of the different parts. Price, paper, 50 cents. Cloth $1.00 

ELECTRIC FURNACES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. By J. Wright. 

This is a book which will prove of interest to many classes of people; the manufacturer who 
desires to know what product can be manufactured successfully in the electric furnace, the 
chemist who wishes to post himself on the electro-chemistry, and the student of science who 
merely looks into the subject from curiosity. The book is not so scientific as to be of use 
only to the technologist, nor so unscientific as to suit only the tyro in electro-chemistry; it 
is a practical treatise of what has been done, and of what is being done, both experimentally 
and commercially with the electric furnace. 

In important processes not only are the chemical equations given, but complete thermal data 
are set forth and both the efficiency of the furnace and the cost of the product are worked 
out, thus giving the work a solid commercial value aside from its efficacy as a work of reference. 
The practical features of furnace building are given the space that the subject deserves. The 
forms and refractory materials used in the linings, the arrangement of the connections to the 
electrodes, and other important details are explained. 288 pages. New Revised Edition. 
Fully illustrated. Price $3.00 

ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND HEATING POCKET BOOK. By Sydney F. Walker. 

This book puts in convenient form useful information regarding the apparatus which is likely 
to be attached to the mains of an electrical company. Tables of units and equivalents are 
included and useful electrical laws and formulas are stated. 

One section is devoted to dynamos, motors, transformers and accessory apparatus; another 
to accumulators, another to switchboards and related equipment, a fourth to a description 
of various systems of distribution, a fifth section to a discussion of instruments, both for 
portable use and switchboards; another section deals with electric lamps of various types 
and accessory appliances, and the concluding section is given up to electric heating apparatus. 
In each section a large number of commercial types are described, frequent tables of dimen- 
sions being included. A great deal of detail information of each line of apparatus is given 
and the illustrations shown give a good idea of the general appearance of the apparatus under 
discussion. The book also contains much valuable information for the central station engi- 
neer. 438 pages. 300 engravings. Bound in leather pocket book form. Price . $3.00 

ELECTRIC TOY MAKING, DYNAMO BUILDING, AND ELECTRIC MOTOR CONSTRUC- 
TION. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. 

This work treats of the making at home of electrical toys, electrical apparatus, motors, dynamos 
and instruments in general, and is designed to bring within the reach of young and old the 
manufacture of genuine and useful electrical appliances. The work is especially designed for 
amateurs and young folks. 

Thousands of our young people are daily experimenting, and busily engaged in making electrical 
toys and apparatus of various kinds. The present work is just what is wanted to give the 
much needed information in a plain, practical manner, with illustrations to make easy the 
carrying out of the work. Price . $1.00 

ELECTRIC WIRING, DIAGRAMS AND SWITCHBOARDS. By Newton Harrison. 

This is the only complete work issued showing and telling you what you should know about 
direct and alternating current wiring. It is a ready reference. The work is free from advanced 
technicalities and mathematics, arithmetic being used throughout. It is in every respect a 
handy, well-written, instructive, comprehensive volume on wiring for the wireman, foreman, 
contractor or electrician. 272 pages; 105 illustrations. Price $1.50 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

ELECTRICIAN'S HANDY BOOK. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. 

This work of 768 pages is intended for the practical electrician who has to make things go. 
The entire field of electricity is covered within its pages. Among some of the subjects treated 
are: The Theory of the Electric Current and Circuit, Electro-Chemistry, Primary Batteries, 
Storage Batteries, Generation and Utilization of Electric Powers, Alternating Current, Arma- 
ture Winding, Dynamos and Motors, Motor Generators, Operation of the Central Station 
Switchboards, Safety Appliances, Distribution of Electric Light and Power, Street Mains, 
Transformers, Arc and Incandescent Lighting, Electric Measurements, Photometry, Electric 
Railways, Telephony, Bell-Wiring, Electro-Plating, Electric Heating, Wireless Telegraphy, etc. 
It contains no useless theory; everything is to the point. It teaches you just what you want 
to know about electricity. It is the standard work published on the subject. Forty-one 
chapters, 610 engravings, handsomely bound in red leather with title and edges in gold. Price: 

$3.50 

ELECTRICITY IN FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS, ITS COST AND CONVENIENCE. 
By Arthur P. Haslam. 

A practical book for power producers and power users showing what a convenience the electric 
motor, in its various forms, has become to the modern manufacturer. It also deals with the 
conditions which determine the cost of electric driving, and compares this with other methods 
of producing and utilizing power. 

Among the chapters contained in the book are: The Direct Current Motor; The Alternating 
Current Motor; The Starting and Speed Regulation of Electric Motors; The Rating and 
Efficiency of Electric Motors; The Cost of Energy as Affected by Conditions of Working, The 
Question for the Small Power User; Independent Generating Plants; Oil and Gas Engine 
Plants; Steam Plants; Power Station Tariff s ; The Use of Electric Power in Textile Factories; 
Electric Power in Printing Works; The Use of Electric Power in Engineering Workshops 
Miscellaneous Application of Electric Power; The Installation of Electric Motors; The Lighting 
of Industrial Establishments. 312 pages. Very fully illustrated. Price 2.50 

ELECTRICITY SIMPLIFIED. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. 

The object of "Electricity Simplified" is to make the subject as plain as possible and to show 
what the modern conception of electricity is; to show how two plates of different metals 
immersed in acid can send a message around the globe; to explain how a bundle of copper wire 
rotated by a steam engine can be the agent in lighting our streets, to tell what the volt, ohm 
and ampere are, and what high and low tension mean; and to answer the questions that 
perpetually arise in the mind in this age of electricity. 172 pages. Illustrated. Price $1.00 

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ELECTRICIAN. By Prof. T. O'Conor Sloane. 

Every young man who wishes to become a successful electrician should read this book. It tells 
in simple language the surest and easiest way to become a successful electrician. The studies 
to be followed, methods of work, field of operation and the requirements of the successful 
electrician are pointed out and fully explained. Every young engineer will find this an ex- 
cellent stepping-stone to more advanced works on electricity which he must master before 
success can be attained. Many young men become discouraged at the very outstart by 
attempting to read and study books that are far beyond their comprehension. This book 
serves as the connecting link between the rudiments taught in the public schools and the real 
study of electricity. It is interesting from cover to cover. Twelfth edition. 202 pages. 
Illustrated. Price $1.0O 

MANAGEMENT OF DYNAMOS. By Ltjmmis-Paterson. 

A handbook of theory and practice. This work is arranged in three parts. The first part 
covers the elementary theory of the dynamo. The second part, the construction and action 
of the different classes of dynamos in common use are described; while the third part relates 
to such matters as affect the practical management and working of dynamos and motors. 
The following chapters are contained in the book: Electrical Units; Magnetic Principles; 
Theory of the Dynamo; Armature; Armature in Practice; Field Magnets; Field Magnets in 
Practice; Regulating Dynamos; Coupling Dynamos; Installation, Running, and Maintenance 
of Dynamos; Faults in Dynamos; Faults in Armatures; Motors. 292 pages. 117 illustra- 
tions. Price $1,50 

STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'Conor Sloane. 

An indispensable work to all interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the student 
and professional. A practical hand-book of reference containing definitions of about 5,000 
distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every 
term used in electrical science. Recently issued. An entirely new edition. Should be in the 
possession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of this branch of science. Com- 
plete, concise, and convenient. 682 pages. 393 illustrations. Price ..... $3.00 

SWITCHBOARDS. By William Baxter, Jr. 

This book appeals to every engineer and electrician who wants to know the practical side of 
things. It takes up all sorts and conditions of dynamos, connections and circuits and shows 
by diagram and illustration just how the switchboard should be connected. Includes direct 
and alternating current boards, also those for arc lighting, incandescent, and power circuits. 
Special treatment on high voltage boards for power transmission. 190 pages. Illustrated. 
Price L $1.50 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, WIRING, OPERATION AND 
MAINTENANCE. By W. H. Radcliffe and H. C. Cushing. 

This book gives the principles of construction and operation of both the Bell and Independent 
instruments; approved methods of installing and wiring them; the means of protecting them 
from lightning and abnormal currents; their connection together for operation as series or 
bridging stations; and rules for their inspection and maintenance. Line wiring and the wir- 
ing and operation of special telephone systems are also treated. 

Intricate mathematics are avoided, and all apparatus, circuits and systems are thoroughly 
described. The appendix contains definitions of units and terms used in the text. Selected 
wiring tables, which are very helpful, are also included. 100 pages, 125 illustrations. $1.00 

WIRING A HOUSE. By Herbert Pratt. 

Shows a house already built; tells just how to start about wiring it; where to begin; what 
wire to use; how to run it according to Insurance Rules; in fact just the information you need. 
Directions apply equally to a shop. Fourth edition 25 cents 

WIRELESS TELEPHONES AND HOW THEY WORK. By James Erskine-Mtjrray. 

This work is free from elaborate details and aims at giving a clear survey of the way in which 
Wireless Telephones work. It is intended for amateur workers and for those whose knowledge 
of electricity is slight. Chapters contained: How We Hear; Historical; The Conversion of 
Sound into Electric Waves; Wireless Transmission; The Production of Alternating Currents 
of High Frequency; How the Electric Waves are Radiated and Received; The Receiving 
Instruments; Detectors; Achievements and Expectations; Glossary of Technical Work. 
Cloth. Price $1.00 

FACTORY MANAGEMENT, ETC. 

MORERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANAGEMENT. By 

O. E. Perrigo, M.E. 

The only work published that describes the modern machine shop or manufacturing plant from 
the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped. 
By a careful study of its thirty-two chapters the practical man may economically build, 
efficiently equip, and successfully manage the modern machine shop or manufacturing estab- 
lishment. Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of modern shop buildings, 
the re-building and re-organization of old ones, or the introduction of modern shop methods. 
time and cost system. It is a book written and illustrated by a practical shop man for practical 
shop men who are too busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all around 
book of its kind ever published. It is a practical book for practical men, from the apprentice 
in the shop to the president in the office. It minutely describes and illustrates the most simple 
and yet the most efficient time and cost system yet devised. Price $5.00' 

FUEL 

COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. M. Barr. 

This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by the combus- 
tion of the common fuels found in the United States, and deals particularly with the condi- 
tions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion of bituminous coals in Stationary 
and Locomotive Steam Boilers. 

The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The arrangement 
of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended accurate answers, which 
describe in language, free from technicalities, the several processes involved in the furnace 
combustion of American fuels; it clearly states the essential requisites for perfect combustion, 
and points out the best methods of furnace construction for obtaining the greatest quantity 
of heat from any given quality of coal. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. . . . $1.00 

SMOKE PREVENTION AND FUEL ECONOMY. By Booth and Kershaw. 

A complete treatise for all interested in smoke prevention and combustion, being based on 
the German work of Ernst Schmatolla, but it is more than a mere translation of the German 
treatise, much being added. The authors show as briefly as possible the principles of fuel 
combustion, the methods which have been and are at present in use, as well as the proper 
scientific methods for obtaining all the energy in the coal and burning it without smoke. 
Considerable space is also given to the examination of the waste gases, and several of the 
representative English and American mechanical stoker and similar appliances are described. 
The losses carried away in the waste gases are thoroughly analyzed and discussed in the Ap- 
pendix, and abstracts are also here given of various patents on combustion apparatus. The 
book is complete and contains much of value to all who have charge of large plants. 194 
pages. Illustrated. Price $2.50 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 



GAS ENGINES AND GAS 

CHEMISTRY OF GAS MANUFACTURE. By H. M. Royles. 

This book covers points likely to arise in the ordinary course of the duties of the engineer or 
manager of a gas works not large enough to necessitate the employment of a separate chemical 
staff. It treats of the testing of the raw materials employed in the manufacture of illuminat- 
ing coal gas, and of the gas produced The preparation of standard solutions is given as well 
as the chemical and physical examination of gas coal including among its contents — Prepa- 
rations of Standard Solutions, Coal, Furnaces, Testing and Regulation. Products of Car- 
bonization. Analysis of Crude Coal Gas. Analysis of Lime. Ammonia. Analysis of Oxide 
of Iron. Naphthalene. Analysis of Fire-Bricks and Fire-Clay. Weldom and Spent Oxide. 
Photometry and Gas Testing. Carburetted Water Gas. Metropolis Gas. Miscellaneous 
Extracts. Useful Tables $4.50 

AGRICULTURAL GAS ENGINES. By Xeno W. Putnam. 

The gas engine within the past few years is being so much used on the farm to simplify work, 
that the publication of this practical treatise will prove of greatest value. The author takes 
up first, and treats in detail the working of the engine, then the transmission mediums are 
treated, as well as traction engines and their application. Price $1.50 

GAS ENGINE CONSTRUCTION, OR HOW TO BUILD A HALF-HORSE-POWER GAS 
ENGINE. By Parsell and Weed. 

A practical treatise of 300 pages describing the theory and principles of the action of Gas 
Engines of various types and the design and construction of a half-horse power Gas Engine, with 
illustrations of the work in actual progress, together with the dimensioned working drawings 
giving clearly the sizes of the various details; for the student, the scientific investigator and the 
amateur mechanic. • 

This book treats of the subject more from the standpoint of practice than that of theory. The 
principles of operation of Gas Engines are clearly and simply described and then the actual 
construction of a half-horse power engine is taken up, step by step, showing in detail the making 
of the Gas Engine. 300 pages. Price $2.50 

GAS, GASOLINE, AND OIL ENGINES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. 

Just issued, 18th revised and enlarged edition. Every user of a gas engine needs this book. 
Simple, instructive, and right up-to-date. The only complete work on the subject. Tells 
all about the running and management of gas, gasoline and oil engines, as designed and manu- 
factured in the United States. Explosive motors for stationary, marine and vehicle power are 
fully treated, together with illustrations of their parts and tabulated sizes, also their care and 
running are included. Electric ignition by induction coil and jump spark are fully explained 
and illustrated, including valuable information on the testing for economy and power and the 
erection of power plants. 

The rules and regulations of the Board of Fire Underwriters in regard to the installation and 
management of gasoline motors is given in full, suggesting the safe installation of explosive 
motor power. A list of United States Patents issued on gas, gasoline, and oil engines and their 
adjuncts from 1875 to date is included. 484 pages. 410 engravings Price . . $2.50 net 

MODERN GAS ENGINES AND PRODUCER GAS PLANTS. By R. E. Mathot, M.E. 

A guide for the gas engine designer, user, and engineer in the construction, selection, purchase, 
installation, operation, and maintenance of gas engines. More than one book on gas engines 
has been written, but not one has thus far even encroached on the field covered by this book. 
Above all Mr. Mathot's work is a practical guide. Recognizing the need of a volume that 
would assist the gas engine user in understanding thoroughly the motor upon which he depends 
for power, the author has discussed his subject without the help of any mathematics and 
without elaborate theoretical explanations. Every part of the gas engine is described in detail, 
tersely, clearly, with a thorough understanding of the requirements of the mechanic. Helpful 
suggestions as to the purchase of an engine, its installation, care, and operation form a most 
valuable feature of the work. 320 pages. 175 detailed illustrations. Price , . . $2.50 



GEARING AND CAMS 



BEVEL GEAR TABLES. By D. Ag. Engstrom. 

A book that will at once commend itself to mechanics and draftsmen. Does away with all 
the trigonometry and fancy figuring on bevel gears and makes it easy for anyone to lay them 
out or make them just right. There are 36 full-page tables that show every necessary dimen- 
sion for all sizes or combinations you're apt to need. No puzzling figuring or guessing. 
Gives placing distance, all the angles (including cutting angles), and the correct cutter to use. 
A copy of this prepares you for anything in the bevel gear line. 66 pages. . $1.00 

IO 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

CHANGE GEAR DEVICES, By Oscar E. Perrigo. 

A practical book for every designer, draftsman, and mechanic interested in the invention and 
development of the devices for feed changes on the different machines requiring such mechan- 
ism. All the necessary information on this subject is taken up, analyzed, classified, sifted, 
and concentrated for the use of busy men who have not the time to go through the masses 
of irrelevant matter with which such a subject is usually encumbered and select such infor- 
mation as will be useful to them. 

It shows just what has been done, how it has been done, when it was done, and who did it. 
It saves time in hunting up patent records and re-inventing old ideas. 88 pages. $1.00 

DRAFTING OF CAMS. By Louis Rouillion. 

The laying out of cams is a serious problem unless you know how to go at it right. This puts 
you on the right road for practically any kind of cam you are likely to run up against. 25 cents 

HYDRAULICS 



HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING. By Gardner D. Hiscox. 

A treatise on the properties, power, and resources of water for all purposes. Including the 
measurement of streams; the flow of water in pipes or conduits; the horse-power of falling 
water; turbine and impact water-wheels; wave-motors, centrifugal, reciprocating, and air- 
lift pumps. With 300 figures and diagrams and 36 practical tables. 

All who are interested in water-works development will find this book a useful one, because 
it is an entirely practical treatise upon a subject of present importance, and cannot fail in 
having a far-reaching influence, and for this reason should have a place in the working library 
of every engineer. 320 pages. Price $4.00 

ICE AND REFRIGERATION 

POCKET BOOK OF REFRIGERATION AND ICE MAKING. By A. J. Wallis-Taylor. 

This is one of the latest and most comprehensive reference books published on the subject of 
refrigeration and cold storage. It explains the properties and refrigerating effect of the different 
fluids in use, the management of refrigerating machinery and the construction and insulation 
of cold rooms with their required pipe surface for different degrees of cold; freezing mixtures 
and non-freezing brines, temperatures of cold rooms for all kinds of provisions, cold storage 
charges for all classes of goods, ice making and storage of ice, data and memoranda for constant 
reference by refrigerating engineers, with nearly one hundred tables containing valuable 
references to every fact and condition required in the installment and operation of a refrigerat- 
ing plant. Price $1.50 

INVENTIONS— PATENTS 

INVENTOR'S MANUAL, HOW TO MAKE A PATENT PAY. 

This is a book designed as a guide to inventors in perfecting their inventions, taking out their 
patents and disposing of them. It is not in any sense a Patent Solicitor's Circular, nor a 
Patent Broker's Advertisement. No advertisements of any description appear in the work. 
It is a book containing a quarter of a century's experience of a successful inventor, together 
with notes based upon the experience of many other inventors. Price $1.00 

LATHE WORK 

MODERN AMERICAN LATHE PRACTICE. By Oscar E. Perrigo. 

This is a new book from cover to cover, and the only complete American work on the subject 
written by a man who knows not only how work ought to be done but who also knows how to 
do it, and how to convey this knowledge to others. It is strictly up-to-date in its descriptions 
and illustrations, which represent the very latest practice in lathe and boring mill operations 
as well as the construction of and latest developments in the manufacture of these important 
classes of machine tools. 424 pages. 314 illustrations. Price $2.50 

PRACTICAL METAL TURNING. By Joseph G. Horner. 

This important and practical subject is treated in a full and exhaustive manner and nothing 
of importance is omitted. The principles and practice and all the different branches of Turn- 
ing are considered and well illustrated. All the different kinds of Chucks of usual forms, as 
well as some unusual kinds, are shown. A feature of the book is the important section de- 
voted to modern Turret practice; Boring is another subject which is treated fully; and the 
chap + er on Tool Holders illustrates a large number of representative types. Thread Cutting 
is treated at reasonable length; and the last chapter contains a good deal of information 
relating to the High-Speed Steels and their work. The numerous tools used by machinists 
are illustrated, and also the adjuncts of the lathe. In fact, the entire subject is treated in 
such a thorough manner as to make this book the standard one on the subject. It is indis- 
pensable to the manager, engineer, and machinist as well as to the student, amateur, and 
experimental man who desires to keep up-to-date. 400 pages, fully illustrated. Price $3.50 



■_ CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

TURNING AND BORING TAPERS. By Fred H. Colvin. 

There are two ways to turn tapers; the right way and one other. This treatise has to do with 
the right way; it tells you how to start the work properly, how to set the lathe, what tools to> 
use and how to use theru, and forty and one other little things that you should know. Fourth 
edition 25 cents 



LIQUID AIR 

LIQUID AIR AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF GASES. By T. O'Conor Sloan e. 

This book gives the history of the theory, discovery, and manufacture of Liquid Air, and 

contains an illustrated description of all the experiments that have excited the wonder of 

audiences all over the country. It shows how liquid air, like water, is carried hundreds of 

miles and is handled in open buckets. It tells what may be expected from it in the near 

future. 

A book that renders simple one of the most perplexing chemical problems of the century. 

Startling developments illustrated by actual experiments. 

It is not only a work of scientific interest and authority, but is intended for the general reader, 

being written in a popular style — easily understood by every one. Second edition. 365 

pages. Price $2.00 



LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING 

AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM. By Robert H. Blackall. 

This book is a standard text book. It covers the Westinghouse Air-Brake Equipment, in- 
cluding the No. 5 and the No. 6 E. T Locomotive Brake Equipment; the K (Quick-Service) 
Triple Valve for Freight Service; and the Cross-Compound Pump. The operation of all parts 
of the apparatus is explained in detail, and a practical way of finding their peculiarities and 
defects, with a proper remedy, is given. It contains 2,000 questions with their answers, 
which will enable any railroad man to pass any examination on the subject of Air Brakes. 
Endorsed and used by air-brake instructors and examiners on nearly every railroad in the 
United States. 23d Edition. 380 pages, fully illustrated with folding plates and dia- 
grams $2.0O 

AMERICAN COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES. By Fred. H. Colvin. 

The only book on compounds for the engineman or shopman that shows in a plain, practical 
way the various features of compound locomotives in use. Shows how they are made, what 
to do when they break down or balk. Contains sections as follows: — A Bit of History. The- 
ory of Compounding Steam Cylinders. Baldwin Two-Cylinder Compound. Pittsburg Two- 
Cylinder Compound. Rhode Island Compound. Richmond Compound. Rogers Compound. 
Schenectady Two-Cylinder Compound. Vauclain Compound. Tandem Compounds. Bald- 
win Tandem. The Colvin- Wight man Tandem. Schenectady Tandem. Balanced Loco- 
motives. Baldwin Balanced Compound. Plans for Balancing. Locating Blows. Break- 
downs. Reducing Valves. Drifting. Valve Motion. Disconnecting. Power of Compound 
Locomotives. Practical Notes. 

Fully illustrated and containing ten special "Duotone" inserts on heavy Plate Paper, show- 
ing different types of Compounds. 142 pages. Price $1.00 

APPLICATION OF HIGHLY SUPERHEATED STEAM TO LOCOMOTIVES. By 
Robert Garbe. 

A practical book. Contains special chapters on "Generation of Highly Superheated Steam; 
Superheated Steam and the Two-Cylinder Simple Engine; Compounding and Superheating; 
Designs of Locomotive Superheaters; Constructive Details of Locomotives using Highly 
Superheated Steam; Experimental and Working Results. Illustrated with folding plates 
and tables. Price $2.50 

COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By Wm. M. Barr. 

This book has been prepared with special reference to the generation of heat by the combus- 
tion of the common fuels found in the United States, and deals particularly with the condi- 
tions necessary to the economic and smokeless combustion of bituminous coals in Stationary 
and Locomotive Steam Boilers. 

The presentation of this important subject is systematic and progressive. The arrangement 
of the book is in a series of practical questions to which are appended accurate answers, which 
describe in language, free from technicalities, the several processes involved in the furnace 
combustion of American fuels; it clearly states the essential requisites for perfect combustion, 
and points out the best methods of furnace construction for obtaining the greatest quantity 
of heat from any given quality of coal. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. . . . $1.00 

12 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 



LINK MOTIONS, VALVES AND VALVE SETTING. By Fred H. Colvin, Associate 
Editor of "American Machinist." 

A handy book for the engineer or machinist that clears up the mysteries of valve setting. 
Shows the. different valve gears in use, how they work, and why. Piston and slide valves 
of different types are illustrated and explained. A book that every railroad man in the mo- 
tive power department ought to have. Contains chapters on Locomotive Link Motion, 
Valve Movements, Setting Slide Valves, Analysis by Diagrams, Modern Practice, Slip of 
Block, Slide Valves, Piston Valves, Setting Piston Valves, Joy-Allen Valve Gear, Walschaert 
Valve Gear, Gooch Valve Gear, Alfree-Hubbell Valve Gear, etc., etc. Fully illustrated. 
Price 50 cents 

LOCOMOTIVE BOILER CONSTRUCTION. By Frank A. Kleinhans. 

The construction of boilers in general are treated, and following this, the locomotive boiler 
is taken up in the order in which its various parts go through the shop. Shows all types of 
boilers used; gives details of construction; practical facts, such as life of riveting, punches 
and dies; work done per day, allowance for bending and flanging sheets, and other data. 
Locomotive boilers present more difficulty in laying out and building than any other type, 
and for this reason the author uses them as examples. Anyone who can handle them can 
tackle anything. 

Contains chapters on Laying Out Work; Flanging and Forging; Punching; Shearing; Plate 
Planing; General Tables; Finishing Parts; Bending; Machinery Parts; Riveting; Boiler 
Details; Smoke Box Details; Assembling and Calking; Boiler Shop Machinery, etc., etc. 
There isn't a man who has anything to do with boiler work, either new or repair work, who 
doesn't need this book. The manufacturer, superintendent, foreman, and boiler worker — 
all need it. No matter what the type of boiler, you'll find a mint of information that you 
wouldn't be without. Over 400 pages, five large folding plates. Price $3.00 

LOCOMOTIVE BREAKDOWNS AND THEIR REMEDIES. By Geo. L. Fowler. 
Revised by Wm. W. Wood, Air-Brake Instructor. Just issued. Revised pocket 
edition. 

It is out of the question to try and tell you about every subject that is covered in this pocket 
edition of Locomotive Breakdowns. Just imagine all the common troubles that an engineer 
may expect to happen some time, and then add all of the unexpected ones, troubles that could 
occur, but that you had never thought about, and you will find that they are all treated with 
the very best methods of repair. Walschaert Locomotive Valve Gear Troubles, Electric 
Headlight Troubles, as well as Questions and Answers on the Air Brake are all included. 294 
pages. Fully illustrated „ $1.00 

LOCOMOTIVE CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. 

The revised edition of "Locomotive Catechism," by Robert Grimshaw, is a New Book from 
Cover to Cover. It contains twice as many pages and double the number of illustrations 
of previous editions. Includes the greatest amount of practical information ever published 
on the construction and management of modern locomotives. Specially Prepared Chapters 
on the Walschaert Locomotive Valve Gear, the Air Brake Equipment and the Electric Head 
Light are given. 

It commends itself at once to every Engineer and Fireman, and to all who are going in for 
examination or promotion. In plain language, with full complete answers, not only all the 
questions asked by the examining engineer are given, but those which the young and less 
experienced would ask the veteran, and which old hands ask as "stickers." It is a veritable 
Encyclopedia of the Locomotive, is entirely free from mathematics, easily understood and 
thoroughly up-to-date. Contains over 4,000 Examination Questions with their Answers. 
825 pages, 437 illustrations and three folding plates $2.50 

NEW YORK AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM. By Robert H. Blackall. 

This is a complete treatise on the New York Air-Brake and Air-Signalling Apparatus, giving 
a detailed description of all the parts, their operation, troubles, and the methods of locating 
and remedying the same. 200 pages, fully illustrated $1.00 

POCKET RAILROAD DICTIONARY AND VADE MECUM. By Fred H. Colvin, 
Associate Editor "American Machinist. 

The Railroad Pocket Book is of value to every man on the road, as it contains valuable Rail- 
road Data, Master Car Builders' Standards, Tests, Proportions of Locomotives and Boilers 
and various other Rules and Tables. 

As a record of recent practice in all sections of railway work it stands alone, giving facts and 
figures from actual . experience on such matters as Acetylene Lighting, Air Brakes, Axles, 
Bearings, Boilers, Cars, Costs of repairs and other items, Counterbalancing, Curves, Driving 
Wheels, Equalizers, Flues, Grades, Grates, Heating surfaces, Injectors, Locomotives, Main- 
tenance of way, Oils, Power of Locomotives, Rails, Rods, Shops, Speed, Tires, Turntables, 
Valve Motions, Water, etc., etc. Second Edition. Price . $1.00 

13 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

TRAIN RULES AND DESPATCHING. By H. A. Dalby. 

Every railroad man, no matter what department he's in, needs a copy of this book. It gives 
the standard rules for both single and double track, shows all the signals, with colors wher- 
ever necessary, and has a list of towns where time changes, with a map showing the whole 
country. The rules are explained wherever there is any doubt about their meaning or where 
they are modified by different railroads. It's the only practical book on train rules in print. 
Over 220 pages. Leather cover. Price $1.50 

WALSCHAERT LOCOMOTIVE VALVE GEAR. By Wm. W. Wood. 

If you would thoroughly understand the Walschaert Valve Gear you should possess a copy 
of this book, as the author takes the plainest form of a steam engine — a stationary engine in 
the rough, that will only turn its crank in one direction — and from it builds up — with the 
reader's help — a modern locomotive equipped with the Walschaert Valve Gear, complete. 
The points discussed are clearly illustrated: two large folding plates that show the positions 
of the valves of both inside or outside admission type, as well as the links and other parts of 
the gear when the crank is at nine different points in its revolution, are especially valuable 
in making the movement clear. These employ sliding cardboard models which are contained 
in a pocket in the cover. 

The book is divided into four general divisions, as follows: I. Analysis of the gear. II. De- 
signing and erecting the gear. III. Advantages of the gear. IV. Questions and answers- 
relating to the Walschaert Valve Gear. 

This last division contains sixty pertinent questions with full answers on all the features of 
this type of valve gear, which will be especially valuable to firemen and engineers in prepar- 
ing for an examination for promotion. Nearly 200 pages. Price $1.50 

WESTINGHOUSE E— T AIR-BRAKE INSTRUCTION POCKET CATECHISM. By 
Wm. W. Wood, Air-Brake Instructor. 

Here is a book for the railroad man, and the man who aims to be one. It is without doubt 
the only complete work published on the Westinghouse E-T Locomotive Brake Equipment. 
Written by an Air Brake Instructor who knows just what is needed. It covers the subject 
thoroughly. Everything about the New Westinghouse Engine and Tender Brake Equip- 
ment, including the Standard No. 5 and the Perfected No. 6 Style of brake, is treated in de- 
tail. Written in plain English and profusely illustrated with Colored Plates, which enable 
one to trace the flow of pressures throughout the entire equipment. The best book ever 
published on the Air Brake. Equally good for the beginner and the advanced engineer. 
Will pass any one through any examination. It informs and enlightens you on every point. 
Indispensable to every engineman and trainman. 

Contains examination questions and answers on the E-T equipment. Covering what the 
E-T Brake is. How it should be operated. What to do when defective. Not a question can 
be asked of the engineman up for promotion on either the No. 5 or the No. 6 E-T equipment 
that is not asked and answered in the book. If you want to thoroughly understand the E-T 
equipment get a copy of this book. It covers every detail. Makes Air Brake troubles and 
examinations easy. Price $1.50 

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE 



AMERICAN TOOL MAKING AND INTERCHANGEABLE MANUFACTURING. By J. V. 

WOODWORTH. 

A "shoppy" book, containing no theorizing, no problematical or experimental devices, there 
are no badly proportioned and impossible diagrams, no catalogue cuts, but a valuable collection 
of drawings and descriptions of devices, the rich fruits of the author's own experience. In its 
500-odd pages the one subject only, Tool Making, and whatever relates thereto, is dealt with. 
The work stands without a rival. It is a complete practical treatise on the art of American 
Tool Making and system of interchangeable manufacturing as carried on to-day in the United 
States. In it are described and illustrated all of the different types and classes of small tools, 
fixtures, devices, and special appliances which are in general use in all machine manufacturing 
and metal working establishments where economy, capacity and interchangeability in the 
production of machined metal parts are imperative. The science of jig making is exhaustively 
discussed, and particular attentign is paid to drill jigs, boring, profiling and milling fixtures 
and other devices in which the parts to be machined are located and fastened within the 
contrivances. All of the tools, fixtures, and devices illustrated and described have been or 
are used for the actual production of work, such as parts of drill presses, lathes, patented 
machinery, typewriters, electrical apparatus, mechanical appliances, brass goods, composition 
parts, mould products, sheet metal articles, drop forgings, jewelry, watches , medals, coins, 
etc.. 531 pages. Price $4.00 

HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING AND ALLIED TRADES. 

Edited by Joseph G. Horner, A. M. I., M. E. 

This set of five volumes contains about 2,500 pages with thousands of illustrations, including 
diagrammatic and sectional drawings with full explanatory details. This work covers the 
entire practice of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The best known experts in all branches 
of engineering have contributed to these volumes. The Cyclopedic is admirably well adapted 
to the needs of the beginner and the self-taught practical man, as well as the 'mechanical en- 
gineer, designer, draftsman, shop superintendent, foreman, and machinist. The work will be 
found a means of advancement to any progressive man. It is encyclopedic in scope, thorough 
and practical in its treatment of technical subjects, simple and clear in its descriptive matter, 

14 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

and without unnecessary technicalities or formulae. The articles are as brief as may be and 
yet give a reasonably clear and explicit statement of the subject, and are written by men who 
have had ample practical experience in the matters of which they write. It tells you all you 
want to know about engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly, so concisely, that one cannot 
help but understand. As a work of reference it is without a peer. $6.00 per single volume. 
For complete set of five volumes. Price ... $25.00 

MACHINE SHOP ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Chbney. 

This is an arithmetic of the things you have to do with daily. It tells you plainly about : how 
to find areas of figures; how to find surface or volume of balls or spheres; handy ways for 
calculating; about compound gearing; cutting screw threads on any lathe; drilling for taps; 
speeds of drills, taps, emery wheels, grindstones, milling cutters, etc.; all about the Metric 
system with conversion tables; properties of metals; strength of bolts and nuts; decimal 
equivalent of an inch. All sorts of machine shop figuring and 1,001 other things, any one of 
which ought to be worth more than the price of this book to you, and it saves you the trouble 
of bothering the boss. 131 pages. Price 50 cents 

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, AND DEVICES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. 

This is a collection of 1,890 engravings of different mechanical motions and appliances, accom- 
panied by appropriate text, making it a book of great value to the inventor, the draftsman, 
and to all readers with mechanical tastes. The book is divided into eighteen sections or 
chapters in which the subject matter is classified under the following heads: Mechanical Powers; 
Transmission of Power; Measurement of Power, Steam Power; Air Power Appliances; Electric 
Power and Construction, Navigation and Roads; Gearing; Motion and Devices; Controlling 
Motion; Horological; Mining; Mill and Factory Appliances; Construction and Devices; 
Drafting Devices ; Miscellaneous Devices, etc. llthedition. 400 octavo pages. Price $2.50 

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS AND NOVELTIES OF CON- 
STRUCTION. By Gardner D. Hiscox. 

This is a supplementary volume to the one upon mechanical movements. Unlike the first 
volume, which is more elementary in character, this volume contains illustrations and descrip- 
tions of many combinations of motions and of mechanical devices and appliances found in 
different lines of machinery. Each device being shown by a line drawing with a description 
showing its working parts and the method of operation. From the multitude of devices de- 
scribed, and illustrated, might be mentioned, in passing, such items as conveyors and elevators, 
Prony brakes, thermometers, various types of boilers, solar engines, oil-fuel burners, condensers, 
evaporators, Corliss and other value gears, governors, gas engines, water motors of various 
descriptions, air ships, motors and dynamos, automobile and motor bicycles, railway block 
signals, car coupes, link and gear motions, ball bearings, breech block mechanism for heavy 
guns, and a large accumulation of others of equal importance. 1,000 specially made engrav- 
ings. 396 octavo pages. Price $2.50 

MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND MANAGEMENT. By 

Oscar E. Perrigo. 

The only work published that describes the Modern Machine Shop or Manufacturing Plant from 
the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped 
Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of modern shop buildings, the re- 
building and reorganization of old ones, or the introduction of Modern Shop Methods, time and 
cost systems. It is a book written and illustrated by a practical shop man for practical shop 
men who are too busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all-around 
book of its kind ever published. 400 large quarto pages. 225 original and specially-made 
illustrations. Price $5.00 

MACHINE SHOP TOOLS AND SHOP PRACTICE. By W. H. Vandervoort. 

A work of 555 pages and 673 illustrations, describing in every detail the construction, operation, 
and manipulation of both hand and machine tools. Includes chapters on filing, fitting, and 
scraping surfaces; on drills, reamers, taps, and dies; the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers, 
and their tools; milling machines and cutters; gear cutters and gear cutting; drilling machines 
and drill work; grinding machines and their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting 
and transmission machinery; useful data and tables. 5th edition. Price .... $3.00 

THE MODERN MACHINIST. By John T. Usher. 

This is a book showing, by plain description and by profuse engravings, made expressly for 
the work, all that is best, most advanced, and of the highest efficiency in modern machine 
shop practice, tools, and implements, showing the way by which and through which, as Mj. 
Maxim says, "American machinists have become and are the finest mechanics in the world." 
Indicating as it does, in every line, the familiarity of the author with every detail of daily 
experience in the shop, it cannot fail to be of service to any man practically connected with 
the shaping or finishing of metals. 

There is nothing experimental or visionary about the book, all devices being in actual use 
and giving good results. It might be called a compendium of shoD methods, showing a vari- 
ety of special tools and appliances which will give new ideas to many mechanics, from the 
superintendent down to the man at the bench. It will be found a valuable addition to any 
machinist's library, and should be consulted whenever a new or difficult job is to be done, 
whether it is boring, milling, turning, or planing, as they are all treated in a practical manner. 
Fifth Edition. 320 pages. 250 illustrations. Price. . ... ...... < $2.50 

r 5 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

MODERN MILLING MACHINES: THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERA- 
TION. By Joseph G. Horner. 

This book describes and illustrates the Milling Machine and its work in such a plain, clear, 
and forceful manner, and illustrates the subject so clearly and completely, that the up-to-date 
machinist, student, or mechanical engineer cannot afford to do without the valuable infor- 
mation which it contains. It describes not only the early machines of this class, but notes 
their gradual development into the splendid machines of the present day, giving the design 
and construction of the various types, forms, and special features produced by prominent 
manufacturers, American and foreign. 

Milling cutters in all their development and modernized forms are illustrated and described, 
and the operations they are capable of producing upon different classes of work are carefully 
described in detail, and the speeds and feeds necessary are discussed, and valuable and useful 
data given for determining these usually perplexing problems. The book is the most compre- 
hensive work published on the subject. 304 pages. 300 illustrations. Price . . $4.00 

MODERN MECHANISM. Edited by Park Benjamin. 

A practical treatise on machines, motors and the transmission of power, being a complete 
work and a supplementary volume to Appleton's Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics. Deals 
solely with the principal and most useful advances of the past few years. 959 pages contain- 
ing over 1,000 illustrations; bound in half morocco $4.00 

" SHOP KINKS." By Robert Grimshaw. 

A book of 400 pages and 222 illustrations, being entirely different from any other book on 
machine shop practice. Departing from conventional style, the author avoids universal or 
common shop usage and limits his work to showing special ways of doing things better, more 
cheaply and more rapidly than usual. As a result the advanced methods of representative 
establishments of the world are placed at the disposal of the reader. This book shows the 
proprietor where large savings are possible, and how products may be improved. To the 
employee it holds out suggestions that, properly applied, will hasten his advancement. No 
shop can afford to be without it. It bristles with valuable wrinkles and helpful suggestions. 
It will benefit all, from apprentice to proprietor. Every machinist, at any age, should study 
its pages. Fifth Edition. Price $3.50 

THREADS AND THREAD CUTTING. By Colvin and Stabel. 

This clears up many of the mysteries of thread-cutting, such as double and triple threads, 
internal threads, catching threads, use of hobs, etc. Contains a lot of useful hints and several 
tables. Price 25 cents 

TOOLS FOR MACHINISTS AND WOOD WORKERS, INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS 
OF MEASUREMENT. By Joseph G. Horner. 

The principles upon which cutting tools for wood, metal, and other substances are made are 
identical, whether used by the machinist, the carpenter, or by any other skilled mechanic in 
their daily work, and the object of this book is to give a correct and practical description of 
these tools as they are commonly designed, constructed, and used. 340 pages, fully illustrated. 
Price $3.50 

MANUAL TRAINING 



ECONOMICS OF MANUAL TRAINING. By Louis Rouillion. 

The only book published that gives just the information needed by all interested in Manual 
Training, regarding Buildings, Equipment, and Supplies. Shows exactly what is needed for 
all grades of the work from the Kindergarten to the High and Normal School. Gives item- 
ized lists of everything used in Manual Training Work and tells just what it ought to cost. 
Also shows where to buy supplies, etc. Contains k 174 pages, and is fully illustrated. 
Price $1.50 

MARINE ENGINEERING 

MARINE ENGINES AND BOILERS, THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. By 

Dr. G. Bauer, Leslie S. Robertson, and S. Bryan Donkin. 

In the words of Dr. Bauer, the present work owes its origin to an oft felt want of a Condensed 
Treatise, embodying the Theoretical and Practical Rules used in Designing Marine Engines 
and Boilers. The need for such a work has been felt by most engineers engaged in the con- 
struction and working of Marine Engines, not only by the younger men, but also by those of 
greater experience. The fact that the original German work was written by the chief engineer 
of the famous Vulcan Works, Stettin, is in itself a guarantee that this book is in all respects 
thoroughly up-to-date, and that it embodies all the information which is necessary for the 
design and construction of the highest types of marine engines and boilers. It may be said, 
that the motive power which Dr. Bauer has placed in the fast German liners that have been 
turned out of late years from the Stettin Works, represent the very best practice in marine 
engineering of the present day. 

This work is clearly written, thoroughly systematic, theoretically sound; while the character 
of its plans, drawings, tables, and statistics is without reproach. The illustrations are care- 
ful reproductions from actual working drawings, with some well-executed photographic views 
of completed engines and boilers. 722 pages. 550 illustrations. . . . $9.00 not 

16 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

MINING 

ORE DEPOSITS, WITH A CHAPTER ON HINTS TO PROSPECTORS. By J. P. 

Johnson. 

This book gives a condensed account of the ore-deposits at present known in South Africa- 
It is also intended as a guide to the prospector. Only an elementary knowledge of geology 
and some mining experience are necessary in order to understand this work. With these 
qualifications, it will materially assist one in his search for metalliferous mineral occurrences 
and, so far as simple ores are concerned, should enable one to form some idea of the possi- 
bilities of any they may find. 

Among the chapters given are: Titaniferous and Chromiferous Iron Oxides — Nickel — Cop- 
per — Cobalt — Tin — Molybdenum — Tungsten — Lead — Mercury — Antimony — Iron — Hints to 
Prospectors $2.00 

PRACTICAL COAL MINING. By T. H. Cockin. 

An important work, containing 428 pages and 213 illustrations, complete with practical de- 
tails, which will intuitively impart to the reader, not only a general knowledge of the princi- 
ples of coal mining, but also considerable insight into allied subjects. The treatise is posi- 
tively up to date in every instance, and should be in the hands of every colliery engineer, 
geologist, mine o'perator, superintendent, foreman, and all others who are interested in or 
connected with the industry $2.50 

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINING. By T. H. Byrom. 

A practical work for the use of all preparing for examinations in mining or qualifying for 
colliery managers' certificates. The aim of the author in this excellent book is to place clearly 
before the reader useful and authoritative data which will render him valuable assistance in 
his studies. The only work of its kind published. The information incorporated in it will 
prove of the greatest practical utility to students, mining engineers, colliery managers, and 
all others who are specially interested in the present-day treatment of mining problems. 
Among its contents are chapters on: The Atmosphere; Laws Relating to the Behavior of 
Gases; The Diffusion of Gases; Composition of the Atmosphere: Sundry Constituents of the 
Atmosphere; Water; Carbon; Fire-Damp; Combustion; Coal Dust and Its Action; Ex- 
plosives; Composition of Various Coals and Fuels; Methods of Analysis of Coal; Strata Ad- 
joining the Coal Measures; Magnetism and Electricity; Appendix; Useful Tables, etc.; 
Miscellaneous Questions. 160 pages. Illustrated $2.00 



PATTERN MAKING 



PRACTICAL PATTERN MAKING. By F. W. Barrows. 

This is a very complete and entirely practical treatise on the subject of pattern making, illus 
trating pattern work in wood and metal. From its pages you are taught just what you shouk 
know about pattern making. It contains a detailed description of the materials used bi 
pattern makers, also the tools, both those for hand use, and the more interesting machine tools"; 
having complete chapters on the band saw, The Buzz Saw, and the Lathe. Individual patterns 
of many different kinds are fully illustrated and described, and the mounting of metal patterns 
on plates for molding machines is included. Price $2.00 



PERFUMERY 

HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES 

Edited by G. D. Hiscox. 

The most valuable Techno-chemical Receipt Book published. Contains over 10,000 practical 
receipts, many of which will prove of special value to the perfumer, a mine of information, up- 
to-date in every respect. Price, Cloth, $3.00: half morocco , $4.00 

PERFUMES AND THEIR PREPARATION. By G. W. Askinson, Perfumer. 

A comprehensive treatise, in which there has been nothing omitted that could be of value 
to the Perfumer. Complete directions for making handkerchief perfumes, smelling-salts, 
sachets, fumigating pastilles; preparations for the care of the skin, the mouth, the hair, cos- 
metics, hair dyes and other toilet articles are given, also a detailed description of aromatic 
substances; their nature, tests of purity, and wholesale manufacture. A book of general, 
as well as professional interest, meeting the wants not only of the druggist and perfume man- 
ufacturer, but also of the general public. Third edition. 312 pages. Illustrated. . $3.00 

l 7 



CATALO G UE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

PLUMBING 

MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR PLUMBERS. By R. M. Starbuck. 

A concise, comprehensive and practical treatise on the subject of mechanical drawing in its 
various modern applications to the work of all who are in any way connected with the 
plumbing trade. Nothing will so help the plumber in estimating and in explaining work to 
customers and workmen as a knowledge of drawing, and to the workman it is of inestimable 
value if he is to rise above his position to positions of greater responsibility. 150 illustra- 
tions. Price $1.50 

MODERN PLUMBING ILLUSTRATED. By R. M. Starbuck. 

This book represents the highest standard of plumbing work. It has been adopted and used as a 
reference book by the United States Government, in its sanitary work in Cuba, Porto Rico, and 
the Philippines, and by the principal Boards of Health of the United States and Canada. 
It gives connections, sizes and working data for all fixtures and groups of fixtures. It is 
helpful to the master plumber in demonstrating to his customers and in figuring work. It 
gives the mechanic and student quick and easy access to the best modern plumbing practice. 
Suggestions for estimating plumbing construction are contained in its pages. This book 
represents, in a word, the latest and best up-to-date practice, and should be in the hands of 
every architect, sanitary engineer and plumber who wishes to keep himself up to the minute 
on this important feature of construction. 400 octavo pages, fully illustrated by 55 full-page 
engravings. Price $4.00 

STANDARD PRACTICAL PLUMBING. By R. M. Starbuck. 

A complete practical treatise of 450 pages covering the subject of Modern Plumbing in all its 
Branches, a large amount of space being devoted to a very complete and practical treatment of 
the subject of Hot Water Supply and Circulation and Range Boiler Work. Its thirty chapters 
include about every phase of the subject, one can think of, making it an indispensable work 
to the master plumber, the journeyman plumber, and the apprentice plumber. Fully illus- 
trated by 347 engravings. Price $3.00 

RECEIPT BOOK 



HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. 

Edited by Gardner D. Hiscox. 

The most valuable Techno-chemical Receipt Book published, including over 10,000 selected 
scientific, chemical, technological, and practical receipts and processes. 

This is the most complete Book of Receipts ever published, giving thousands of receipts for 
the manufacture of valuable articles for everyday use. Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas, and 
Secret Processes are revealed within its pages. It covers every branch of the useful arts and 
tells thousands of ways of making money and is just the. book everyone should have at his 
command. 800 pages. Price $3.00 

RUBBER 



RUBBER HAND STAMPS AND THE MANIPULATION OF INDIA RUBBER. By 

T. O'Conor Sloane. 

This book gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and simple manner the elements 
of nearly everything it is necessary to understand for a commencement in any branch of the 
India Rubber Manufacture. The making of all kinds of Rubber Hand Stamps, Small Articles 
of India Rubber, U. S. Government Composition, Dating Hand Stamps, the Manipulation 
of Sheet Rubber, Toy Balloons, India Rubber Solutions, Cements, Blackings, Renovating 
Varnish, and Treatment for India Rubber Shoes, etc.; the Hektograph Stamp Inks, and 
Miscellaneous Notes, with a Short Account of the Discovery, Collection, and Manufacture of 
India Rubber are set forth in a manner designed to be readily understood, the explanations 
being plain and simple. Second edition. 144 pages. Illustrated $1.00 

SAWS 

SAW FILINGS AND MANAGEMENT OF SAWS. By Robert Grimshaw. 

A practical hand book on filing, gumming, swaging, hammering, and the brazing of band saws, 
the speed, work, and power to run circular saws, etc. A handy book for those who have charge 
of saws, or for those mechanics who do their own filing, as it deals with the proper shape and 
pitches of saw teeth of all kinds and gives many useful hints and rules for gumming, setting, 
and filing, and is a practical aid to those who use saws for any purpose. New edition, revised 
and enlarged Illsutrated Price . . ....... . . $1.00 

18 



CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS ._ 

STEAM ENGINEERING 

AMERICAN STATIONARY ENGINEERING. By W. E. Crane. 

This book begins at the boiler room and takes in the whole power plant. A plain talk on 
every-day work about engines, boilers, and their accessories. It is not intended to be scien- 
tific or mathematical. All formulas are in simple form so that any one understanding plain 
arithmetic can readily understand any of them. The author has made this the most prac- 
tical book in print; has given the results of his years of experience, and has included about 
all that has to do with an engine room or a power plant. You are not left to guess at a single 
point. You are shown clearly what to expect under the various conditions; how to secure 
the best results; ways of preventing "shut downs" and repairs; in short, all that goes to 
make up the requirements of a good engineer, capable of taking charge of a plant. It's plain 
enough for practical men and yet of value to those high in the profession. Has a complete 
examination for a license $2.00 

EMINENT ENGINEERS. By Dwight Goddard. 

Everyone who appreciates the effect of such great inventions as the Steam Engine, Steamboat, 
Locomotive, Sewing Machine, Steel Working, and other fundamental discoveries, is interested 
in knowing a little about the men who made them and their achievements. 
Mr. Goddard has selected thirty-two of the world's engineers who have contributed most 
largely to the advancement of our civilization by mechanical means, giving only such facts as 
are of general interest and in a way which appeals to all, whether mechanics or not. 280 
pages. 35 illustrations. Price . $1.50 

ENGINE RUNNER'S CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. 

A practical treatise for the stationary engineer, telling how to erect, adjust and run the prin- 
cipal steam engines in use in the United States. Describing the principal features of various 
special and well-known makes of engines: Temper Cut-off, Shipping and Receiving Founda- 
tions, Erecting and Starting, Valve Setting, Care and Use, Emergencies, Erecting and Ad- 
justing Special Engines. 

The questions asked throughout the catechism are plain and to the point, and the answers 
are given in such simple language as to be readily understood by anyone. All the instructions 
given are complete and up-to-date; and they are written in a popular style, without any 
technicalities or mathematical formulae. The work is of a handy size for the pocket, clearly 
and well printed, nicely bound, and profusely illustrated. To young engineers this catechism 
will be of great value, especially to those who may be preparing to go forward to be examined 
for certificates of competency; and to engineers general'y it will be of no little service, as they 
will find in this volume more really practical and useful information than is to be found any- 
where else within a like compass. 387 pages. Seventh edition. Price. • . . . . $2.00 

ENGINE TESTS AND BOILER EFFICIENCIES. By J. Buchetti. 

This work fully describes and illustrates the method of testing the power of steam engines, 
turbines and explosive motors. The properties of steam and the evaporative power of fuels. 
Combustion of fuel and chimney draft; with formulas explained or practically computed. 
255 pages, 179 illustrations $3.00 

HORSE POWER CHART. 

Shows the horse power of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what the 
cylinder diameter of stroke; the steam pressure or cut-off; the revolutions, or whether con- 
densing or non-condensing, it's all there. Easy to use, accurate, and saves time and calcu- 
lations. Especially useful to engineers and designers 50 cents 

MODERN STEAM ENGINEERING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. By Gardner D. Hiscox 

This is a complete and practical work issued for Stationary Engineers and firemen dealing with 
the care and management of boilers, engines, pumps, superheated steam, refrigerating machin- 
ery, dynamos, motors, elevators, air compressors, and all other branches with which the modern 
engineer must be familiar. Nearly 200 questions with their answers on steam and electrical 
engineering, likely to be asked by the Examining Board, are included. 487 pages. 405 en- 
gravings. Price $3.00 

STEAM ENGINE CATECHISM. By Robert Grimshaw. 

This unique volume of 413 pages is not only a catechism on the question and answer princi- 
ple; but it contains formulas and worked-out answers for all the Steam problems that apper- 
tain to the operation and management of the Steam Engine. Illustrations of various valves 
and valve gear with their principles of operation are given. Thirty-four Tables that are 
indispensable to every engineer and fireman that wishes to be progressive and is ambitious to 
become master of his calling are within its pages. It is a most valuable instructor in the 
service of Steam Engineering. Leading engineers have recommended it as a valuable educa- 
tor for the beginner as well as a reference book for the engineer. It is thoroughly indexed 
for every detail. Every essential question on the Steam Engine with its answer is contained 
in this valuable work. Sixteenth edition. Price .... $2.00 

J 9 



' CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS 

STEAM ENGINEER'S ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Cheney. 

A practical pocket book for the steam engineer. Shows how to work the problems of the 
engine room and shows "why." Tells how to figure horse-power of engines and boilers; area 
of boilers; has tables of areas and circumferences; steam tables; has a dictionary of engineering 
terms. Puts you on to all all of the little kinks in figuring whatever there is to figure around 
a power plant. Tells you about the heat unit; absolute zero; adiabatic expansion; duty of 
engines; factor of safety; and 1,001 other things; and everything is plain and simple — not 
the hardest way to figure, but the easiest 50 cents 

STEAM HEATING AND VENTILATION 



PRACTICAL STEAM, HOT-WATER HEATING AND VENTILATION. By A. G. King. 

This book is the standard and latest work published on the subject and has been prepared for 
the use of all engaged in the business of steam, hot water heating, and ventilation. It is an 
original and exhaustive work. Tells how to get heating contracts, how to install heating and 
ventilating apparatus, the best business methods to be used, with "Tricks of the Trade" for 
shop use. Rules and data for estimating radiation and cost and such tables and information 
as make it an indispensable work for everyone interested in steam, hot water heating, and venti- 
lation. It describes all the principal systems of steam, hot water, vacuum, vapor, and vacuum- 
vapor heating, together with the new accelerated systems of hot water circulation, including 
chapters on up-to-date methods of ventilation and the fan or blower system of heating and 
ventilation. 367 pages. 300 detailed engravings. Price $3.00 

STEAM PIPES 

STEAM PIPES: THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. By Wm. H. Booth. 

This book fills in a deep gap in scientific literature, as there has been very little written on 
the practical side of steam pipe construction. Steam piping to-day is such a costly item, 
and the successful operation of a large plant depends so much upon it, that the problem of 
minimum cost and maximum efficiency becomes very important. The work is well illus- 
trated in regard to pipe joints, expansion offsets, flexible joints, and self-contained sliding 
joints for taking up the expansion of long pipes. In fact, the chapters on the flow of steam 
and expansion of pipes are most valuable to all steam fitters and users. The pressure strength 
of pipes and method of hanging them is well treated and illustrated. Valves and by-passes 
are fully illustrated and described, as are also flange joints and their proper proportions, ex- 
haust heads and separators. One of the most valuable chapters is that on superheated steam 
and the saving of steam by insulation with the various kinds of felting and other materials 
with comparison tables of the loss of heat in thermal units from naked and felted steam pipes. 
Contains 187 pages. Price $2.00 

STEEL 

AMERICAN STEEL WORKER. By E. R. Markham. 

This book tells how to select, and how to work, temper, harden, and anneal steel for everything 
on earth. It doesn't tell how to temper one class of tools and then leave the treatment of 
another kind of tool to your imagination and judgment, but it gives careful instructions for 
every detail of every tool, whether it be a tap, a reamer or just a screw-driver. It tells about 
the tempering of small watch springs, the hardening of cutlery, and the annealing of dies. In 
fact there isn't a thing that a steel worker would want to know that isn't included. Price 

$8.50 

HARDENING, TEMPERING, ANNEALING, AND FORGING OF STEEL. By J. V. Wood- 
worth. 

A new work treating in a clear, concise manner all modern processes for the heating, annealing, 
forging, welding, hardening, and tempering of steel, making it a book of great practical value 
to the metal-working mechanic in general, with special directions for the successful hardening 
and tempering of all steel tools used in the arts, including milling cutters, taps, thread dies, 
reamers, both solid and shell, hollow mills, punches and dies, and all kinds of sheet metal 
working tools, shear blades, saws, fine cutlery, and metal cutting tools of all description, as 
well as for all implements of steel both large and small. In this work the simplest and most 
satisfactory hardening and tempering processes are given. 

The uses to which the leading brands of steel may be adapted are concisely presented, and their 
treatment for working under different conditions explained, also the special methods for the 
hardening and tempering of special brands. 

A chapter devoted to the different processes for Case-hardening is also included, and special 
reference made to the adoption of machinery steel for tools of various kinds. Price . $2.50 

WATCH MAKING 



WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. By Claudius Saunier. 

This famous work has now reached its seventh edition and there is no work issued that can 
compare to it for clearness and completeness. It contains 498 pages and is intended as a 
workshop companion for those engaged in Watch-making and allied Mechanical A rts - Nearly 
250 engravings and fourteen plates are included. Price . .... '. . $3.00 



20 



DEC 3 1^° 



One copy del. to Cat. Div. 



